The film ”Patton” Essay Sample free essay sample

The moviePatton. a 1970 play imagining General George Patton and his activities during World War II. was coordinated by Franklin Shaffner and composed by Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund North. It stars George C. Scott as Patton. with Karl Malden. Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. It got an Academy Award for Best Picture each piece great as winning Oscars in seven different classs. counting the Best Actor grant to Scott. who would not acknowledge it. which is a way of tolerating it with more clamor than expected. It has been proclaimed ‘culturally significant’ by the Library of Congress and is presently saved in the National Film Registry. The initial scene. in which Scott. dressed as the general. conveys a blending speech while remaining in forepart of an outsize American banner establishes the pace for the film. This scene has been mocked and cited over the mature ages. also, is accepted by numerous individuals to be truly exact. We will compose a custom exposition test on The film †Patton† Essay Sample or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This film has obscured the regularly barely recognizable difference among actuality and fiction and is taken as certainty by army students of history. Patton is portrayed as an egomaniac who is in brutal rivalry with General Montgomery of Great Britain. an each piece egomaniacal official of the Allied Forces. His abrupt mode and lack of cultural achievements gets Patton into issue with both an antagonistic significance and the military offer. Finally he pays bow to General Omar Bradley. when his auxiliary. what's more, is given offered of the U. S. Third Army. Patton puts stock in resurrection and has solid geo-political places that regularly tangled with U. S. Armed force strategy. Patton drives his offer profound into Germany and is a fruitful and great general. The film. in any case. compensation equivalent taking care of his clouded side and is a viable mental profile of the American war Godhead who professed to hold battled with Caesar in a previous life. each piece great as kee ping offer spots in endless other ground forcess in incalculable different hundreds of years. The subject of the film is the glorification of war. Patton says that no 1 ever won a war by perishing for his state ; the way to win a war is to do your restriction dice for his state. He so goes through his screen time on earth trying to do that go on. Themes exchange with the battles in Patton’s life and his obviously self-destructive run. His unpredictable character. while bright and energizing to watch onscreen. is harming to acceptable request in any wartime ground powers. This film serves to represent the way that Patton. as a film character. is engaging. while Patton as a predominant official would hold been a little bit of snake pit. His slapping of a shell-stunned bind is portrayed as declaration to his enthusiasm. be that as it may, is a significant blooper. on the off chance that he does it for result. It maddens American guardians who have boies in the war and costs him the offer he so seriously pined for. Pattonwon Academy Awards for best impacts and best redaction. The visuals of this film are stunning both in the contention scenes each piece great as the rich inside shootings of excellent Italian Villa. held by Allied offer. Under the support of cameraman Fred Koenekamp the film is stunning. Its contention scenes take up the full screen and have greatness and a logic non seen today with the cutting edge film makers’ inclining for digitalized impacts. These might be OK for word image of occasions that can non truly go on. for example, remote attacks. Anyway it does non keep a shape to existent occasions organized by brilliant film Masterss. Patton happens in a clasp when America had confidence in itself. It was a clasp when Americans trusted themselves to be ethically and socially better than every other person known to mankind. Americans had a can-do mentality. Patton says that America has neer lost a war. He is a saint in the clasp when legend venerate is in pattern. Americans. during World War II saw the word in dull highly contrasting. there were no sunglassess of dark. Patton. the film. profit by this marvel. effectively recovering a feeling of the express that had non been seen in more than 20 mature ages. America was get bringing down to see that Viet Nam was non simply unwinnable. be that as it may, other than perhaps off base. This was a capturing acknowledgment to the American individuals. Patton put the American psyche back on way. It is a moving film. furthermore, has a rah-rah soul to it. It is accounted for the Richard Nixon screened it at the White House in a flash before he provided requests to involve C ambodia. deluding. jumbling realities and out-right equivocation to the American individuals. Potentially the soul of Patton gave him the enteric guts and the sheer seat sore and assumption to make it. By and by I think the film is a gourmet specialist doeuvre and a genuine American accumulated riches. In any case. the one employment that I see is in the greatness of war. I have faith in the idea behind the quote ascribed to Georges Clemenceau. ‘War is much too much genuine an issue to be depended to military work powers. ’ I believe that beast films are okay. be that as it may, we do non put stock in beasts. In any case. we do put stock in war. furthermore, its wonder can turn out risky to a free society. I am non a pacificist and I have confidence in fighting for one’s family unit and national uniqueness. I am expressing that it is risky to do victim and keeping in mind that it is just normal to be grateful to a military which keeps us free. juvenile individuals should see that work powers, for example, George Patton are non Gods. be that as it may, essentially retainers of a free people. furthermore, must be proficient to solid non military personnel accident . This is non canvassed acceptable bounty in Patton for my gustatory sensation. Plants Cited Patton. Chief Frank Shaffner. Entertainers George C. Scott. Karl Malden. Michael Bates and Karl Michael Vogler. 1970

Mergers and Acquisitions in SME Lending

Mergers and Acquisitions in SME Lending Section 1 Presentation During the time spent industrialization independent company plays a significant and monetary development. It increments per capital salary and yield, makes accessible livelihoods for the work advertise and generally advances fruitful sending of assets which are viewed as essential to controlling of financial turn of events and development. It is assumed that the lower pay fragments of Nigeria advantage when SMEs have better access to funds since they mitigate neediness by making more occupations and better wages. ( Emeni and Okafor 2008). In a significant number of the created economies and creating economies both have come to esteem, acknowledge and acknowledge independent companies. Being that private venture are spearheading, efficient, creative and permits quick choices procedure to be taken in light of their relative little size. They are significant players during the time spent industrialization and monetary turn of events. ( Ememi and Okafor, 2008) In most exceptional country of the world, little and medium endeavors (SMEs) have become the vanguard of monetary extension. They make business open doors as the most critical boss of work power; what's more they increment the countries per capital salary and yield constantly expanding the GDP by compelling asset use. Likewise in huge created countries, SMEs assumes a vital job in impacting the economy. Taking China for instance, SMEs are supposed to be responsible for 60% of the mechanical yield utilizing seventy-five percent of the workforce in the metropolitan habitats. ( Anas A.Galadima, 2006). Everywhere throughout the world and in all nation, government have come to understand the critical of this class of organizations. What's more, as such have begun comprehensive arrangements to energize, give certainty, bolster and advance the foundation of SMEs. Enhancements in little and medium undertaking are an or more for work age, strong innovative base and consolation for the utilization of neighborhood crude materials and innovation. (Oladele, 2009). There are a great deal of difficulties that SMEs face in both the created and creating nations and they are enormous. One fundamental angle is financing, the capacity to get and obtain advances. Most private ventures are not appealing possibilities for banks. Berger et al. ( 1998) propose that bigger banks might be less inclined than littler keeps money with less perplexing structure, to flexibly credit to independent companies. Back home in Nigeria the discussion is fundamentally the same as with the on-going of other nation. Be that as it may, generally the Bankers Committee interceded in 2001 with a plan called the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). The thought carried life and strengthening to SMEs disposing of all other credit plans which were not appropriately executed. (Aina, O. 2007). Nigerian financial change is a result of worldwide exertion and solidification is one of its significant accomplishment that everybody have invited joyfully. This combination wave has significantly improve the normal greatness and size of banking foundation for the most part. The mean size of the all out resources of banks has expanded by 439% from 2003 †2009, recording =N=2767.78 billion to =N=14,923.00 billion banks complete resources figure (CBN report 2009). Before the presentation of banking change, the financial part was frightfully modest, little, powerless and slight, prompting various and a few monetary mishap. Other than the advantages identified with solidification on the flexibly of credit to little and medium undertakings, merger and obtaining have likewise increment the size of banks from little less mind boggling foundation to combination global organizations in Nigeria. These incorporates assembly of residential investment funds, improved portion of assets, disposal of profound established wastefulness , preparation of outside reserve funds or more completely upgraded openness of little scope financing. Be that as it may, in all these what is less understandable, is the impact that bank MA has on the gracefully of credit to private ventures in Nigeria.(Emeni and Okafor, 2008). Related Literature Other related investigations have set up some well eminent realities on the impact of combination on independent venture loaning. In an ongoing article Berger, Allen N., R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. (1999) propose that union is just important and positive for a specific degree. The results of combination could have direct and furthermore aberrant impacts. The immediate impact being an increments in bank size, increment in piece of the pie and upgrade bank execution, the backhanded impact can be a decrease in the accessibility of monetary administrations to private ventures. (Berger, Allen N. R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. 1999). Different investigations Vera and Onji (2010) show that on the grounds that most private companies rely incredibly upon less mind boggling little financial establishment for their chief wellspring of subsidizing, solidification of the financial business may diminish straightforward entry of credits to independent company in the US. Prior specialists locate that independent ventures have not been horribly influenced by bank merger and obtaining on making credit accessible to private venture (Peek and Rosengren 1995, 1998; Berger et al. 1995). This is on the grounds that these examinations depended on information up to the mid-1990, while information as at 1995-1997 being the pinnacle of combination were not completely utilized. This has demonstrated to bear some significance with further investigate whether the new flood of union may influence private ventures in an unexpected way. Taking into account this significance snippet of data and the blemish of the market component to activate and assign budgetary assets to socially alluring financial exercises of any country it is advantageous to research the connection among merger and securing and credit accessibility. In view of the above foundation, the excitement and inspiration of this exploration is to fundamentally examine and watch if there is any relationship, or association between bank mergers and acquisitions as a creative answer for loaning. This examination, subsequently, need to research and discover proof that solidification between banks of jumper structure and resource base that happened because of the Nigerian financial change of 2004, could contrarily influence independent venture loaning. This is the motivation behind why we decide to look at the impact of MA to SMEs in Nigeria. Point and Objective Point The fundamental reason for this exposition is to analyze whether bank mergers and acquisitions are a creative answer for loaning to SMEs. Accordingly the primary research question seems to be: Do banks mergers and acquisitions increment or lessening credit accessibility to SMEs? This prompts various sub-questions: Does budgetary execution in the financial part antagonistically influenced independent venture loaning after MA happens? What different components influences or is liable for credit accessibility to SMEs from the Nigerian banks? To introduce key discoveries and suggestion dependent on information examination and data gathered. Research Methodology There are a few research strategies that could have been utilized in this work, for example, a Questionnaire based review through the dispersion of poll. Completing direct meetings with Small entrepreneur and Bank administrators or credit officials is additionally a viable way to assortment of information data. Since the fundamental motivation behind this examination is to look at if bank mergers and acquisitions increment or reduction credit accessibility to SME, we will utilize bookkeeping based money related proportion investigation. The utilization of money related proportion in estimating a banks execution and its adequacy to recognize elite banks from others is very regular in the writing (Abdulla, 1994a; Samad, 2004a). Information Sample Ten Nigerian business banks which have viably been merged with other littler banks will be considered in this examination over the time of 2000-2009 dependent on the accompanying reasons: First, these banks are for quite some time built up privately joined banks in Nigeria. Besides they have been engaged with the union procedure from little bank to super banks, going through the premerger stage up to the post merger stage. Thirdly the period 2000-2009 adequately covers the range before union and after union. The information that will be utilized in this investigation is taken from Bank Scope. The yearly budget summary of the best ten business banks dependent on their advantage base. All the figures are communicated in Naira (=N=) the Nigeria indigenous money. Since one of our points is to analyze whether the measure of private company loaning is influenced by the new solidification enactment passed by Nigeria government on bank change, we will likewise be looking at the figures from the legal hold. This is obligatory for every single business bank in Nigeria to contribute 10% of their benefit before duty to Small and Medium Enterprise Equity Investment Scheme. All things considered, we will catch the aggregate sum of independent venture loaning that is really provided to private ventures inside Nigeria. Exposition Structure The exposition is part into five sections: Part one is the presentation of the exposition point, related examinations and the inspiration for the decision of the thesis Part two spotlights on the Nigeria banking area, how the financial division has created in Nigeria throughout the years. Covering the historical backdrop of the Nigerian financial area partitioned into four periods: the growing time frame, the extension time frame, the united period and the post-solidified period. High lighting major money related advancements from progression that saw the presence of 87 banks to the union of banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria cutoff time of 2005. Section three is a writing audit on scholarly writing and logical view on merger and securing and its hypothesis in banking. This section targets giving a total image of bank mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in the hypothesis of banking and at offering monetary assessment and vital investigations of the

How to Use Best Short Essay Samples For Better Results

How to Use Best Short Essay Samples For Better ResultsIf you are in the same situation as I was, this article will give you some best choice for your English essay writing by way of a brief introduction on the topic. This will make your time and effort to be more effective. Most of the times, students find it difficult to write a well-written essay on an academic subject and this is because they lack the basic information. Reading this article is the right approach towards improving your performance.So, here is a guide on how to write an essay for which you can use one of the most important components of all; the short essay samples. These are very simple essays that can help you be more productive. Let's have a look at this below.The first thing you need to do before writing an essay is to determine your focus of the essay. Try to take note of the focus of the essay and start from there. The outline helps a lot in concentrating and this will ensure that the essay stays short and sim ple. In fact, the author of the essay will not be able to go overboard with the content. This will help you be more focused and avoid unnecessary words.There are a number of formats of essay samples available in the market. These are very popular as they are easy to read. They can be downloaded from the internet and you can download them easily. Try to choose one of the best ones and write your essay.The last thing that you should do before you start your essay is to identify the focus of the essay. This is very important because it helps you stay focused and if you focus too much, it will be difficult to write the short essay. By taking the time to analyze your focus, you will be able to make sure that the content you have written is on the right track.One of the best thing that I have found is that when you have the proper information to write, it is easier to write. You should try to be more informed about your topic and be more focused. By doing this, you will be able to come up with an interesting topic and avoid committing mistakes that will spoil your essays.The focus of the essay is a component that will give you a better insight in the topic that you have been writing. This is what differentiates a good essay from a mediocre one. By looking at your essay, you will be able to realize whether or not it is successful or not. If it is not, it means that you need to make some changes and then re-write it. And if it is successful, it means that you will have to make some adjustments in the content.Reading these tips about how to use the best short essay samples will help you get things done quickly. These essays are very helpful to make your essay a success. Hence, all you need to do is to select the best ones that you can get from the internet and get started writing your essay.

Affirmative Action Essay - 857 Words

The president of a large firm announces he will be retiring. Word spreads throughout the community and resumes begin to pour in daily. The board members filter through hundreds of applications according to qualifications and experience. Fifteen applicants are selected and notified to set up an interview. One applicant surpasses all the others with his qualifications and impresses the board with his charm. The man leaves the interview confident that he will be the next president of the firm. Unfortunately, he never hears from them again. Since he was Hispanic the firm could not hire him because they already had enough Hispanic people employed. Under the Affirmative Action policy, or preferential hiring, the firm must hire someone†¦show more content†¦Racial discrimination has been a major issue in the United States history and many people have fought to have equal rights. Affirmative Action still draws a line between the races. Whether the policy is enforced at a school or a workplace, it still generates inequality. The University of North Carolina has a diverse student body with a majority of its students being African-American. An African-American student coming out of high school with a 4.0 grade point average and various extra curricular will not be accepted because of his ethnicity. Instead, a Hispanic student with a 2.9 grade point average and no extra curricular activities will be accepted just so the school will meet their quota. Why should a student who did not put forth the effort be rewarded? Nobody has the choice of ethnicity, but everyone has the choice to succeed. There is no reason to believe that anyone, in todays society, cannot achieve whatever they wish. Hard work and diligence pay off, and eventually race and sex will no longer be an issue. The goal is to make race and sex irrelevant, and preferential hiring only keeps these issues alive. Next, the inequality affirmative action bri ngs is also seen in the workplace. A new administrative position opened in a hospital and a black male was hired. Although the man was not qualified for the job, he was chosen over a white male because the hospital already had too many white males employed. What happens when someone goes to theShow MoreRelatedThe Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages Many affirmative action efforts have been made since the end of the Civil War in order to remedy the results of hundreds of years of slavery, segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory Booker, the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap star Jay-Z have achieved positions of power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier, AppelbaumRead MoreAffirmative Action1160 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreAffirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Name Management 11th November 2011 Affirmative Action Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through theRead MoreAffirmative Actions1078 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: AFFERMATIVE ACTION Affirmative Actions Affirmative action is an action taken by an organization to select on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity by giving due preferences to minorities like women and races being not adequately represented under the existing employment. To make the presentation of all these compositions almost equal in proportion to do away the injustice done in the past. The Supreme Company need to design an affirmative action program in the light ofRead MoreAffirmative Action1759 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative Action Right? Affirmative action has been around for decades. Some believe it isn’t fair but others do. Those who believe and agree with affirmative action tend to say, â€Å"The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people† (Bidmead, Andrew pg 3). Others that disagree with it and find it unfair simply see it as another form of discrimination, giving one group extra advantages based upon nothingRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, suchRead MoreAffirmative Action774 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the â€Å"protected class† which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. Affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action : Gender Action Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action (ADD PROPER INTRO) Affirmative action, in its broadest sense, are attempts to help create labor and educational opportunities for groups that have been disadvantaged in the past. (Miriam Webster). Evidence has shown that throughout history, many groups have been discriminated against, and because of past (discriminations?), they continue to experience obstacles in areas of hiring, promotion, renting, buying, gaining education, and everyday economic activities. Thus, affirmativeRead MoreAffirmative Action Is An Action Or Policy? Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pages Affirmative Action remains one of the more complicated and controversial topics dealt with in American society. Affirmative Action is an action or policy designed to protect specific groups who suffer from discrimination, and provide them with programs and special opportunities. These government or private programs were designed to set right historical injustices towards the members of these groups who have suffered things like employment and e ducational disadvantages from racial discrimination

Famous Quotes From Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut

Slaughterhouse-Five is an anti-war novel by Kurt Vonnegut. The work was first published in 1969, and its considered an American classic. Semi-autobiographical in nature, the novel is drawn from the Vonneguts war-time experiences in World War II. As a prisoner of war, Vonnegut survived the American bombing of Dresden, Germany.   Slaughterhouse-Five Quotes And even if the wars didnt keep coming like glaciers, there would still be plain old death.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 As a trafficker in climaxes and thrills and characterization and wonderful dialogue and suspense and confrontations, I had outlined the Dresden story many times.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 At that time, they were teaching that there was absolutely no difference between anybody. They may be teaching that still.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 The nicest veterans in Schenectady, I thought, the kindest and funniest ones, the ones who hated war the most, were the ones whod really fought.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 We went to the New York Worlds Fair, saw what the past had been like, according to the Ford Motor Car Company and Walt Disney, saw what the future would be like, according to General Motors. And I asked myself about the present: how wide it was, how deep it was, how much was mine to keep.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 1 He is in a constant state of stage fright, he says, because he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act in next.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 All this responsibility at such an early age made her a bitchy flibbertigibbet.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 They crawled into a forest like the big, unlucky mammals they were.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 2 It is, in the imagination of combats fans, the divinely listless loveplay that follows the orgasm of victory. It is called mopping up.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to always tell the difference.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 The legs of those who stood were like fence posts driven into a warm, squirming, farting, sighing earth. The queer earth was a mosaic of sleepers who nestled like spoons.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 3 I am a Tralfamadorian, seeing all time as you might see a stretch of the Rocky Mountains. All time is all time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 4 My God--what have they done to you, lad? This isnt a man. Its a broken kite.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 So they were trying to re-invent themselves and their universe... Science fiction was a big help.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 And on and on it went that duet between the dumb, praying lady and the big, hollow man who was so full of loving echoes.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 5 The skyline was intricate and voluptuous and enchanted and absurd. It looked like a Sunday school picture of Heaven to Billy Pilgrim.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 6 In my prison cell I sit,/ With my britches full of shit,/ And my balls are bouncing gently on the floor./ And I see the bloody snag/ When she bit me in the bag./ Oh Ill never fuck a Polack any more.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 7 There are no characters in this story and almost no dramatic confrontations because most of the people in it are so sick and so much the listless playthings of enormous forces. One of the main effects of war, after all, is that people are discouraged from being characters. But old Derby was a character now.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 8 Rumfoord was thinking in in military manner: that an inconvenient person, one whose death he wished for very much, for practical reasons, was suffering from a repulsive disease.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 The cattle are lowing,/ The Baby awakes./ But the little Lord Jesus/ No crying he makes.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 Everything is all right, and everybody has to do exactly what he does.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 9 If what Billy Pilgrim learned from the Tralfamadorians is true, that we will all live forever, no matter how dead we may sometimes seem to be, I am not overjoyed. Still--if I am going to spend eternity visiting this moment and that, Im grateful that so many of those moments are nice.- Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, Chapter 10

Feminist Theory Of Feminism - 1697 Words

It is no longer a surprise that gender equality continues to be a problem in our society. Although all feminists agree that it is a prominent issue, they have different ways of combating it. Some feminists agree with having a sex/gender distinction, which uses â€Å"sex† as the term to describe biological features and â€Å"gender† as the term to describe the social standings. Due to his distinction, many feminists believe that the social implications, or gender, needs to be changed to achieve equality. Two approaches that aim to change the social implications of gender are the conventionalist approach and the abolitionist approach. These two approaches believe that gender is a completely social product and should be eradicated in order to achieve†¦show more content†¦The existence of men and women are not completely mind-dependent, â€Å"as one does not cease to be a woman (or a man) just by altering one’s social environment† (Mikkola 73). Mikkol a demonstrates this implication by comparing the label of â€Å"woman† with the label of â€Å"US Senator†. â€Å"Woman† and â€Å"US Senator† can both be used as social terms but only â€Å"woman† can be used both as a social term and biological term. For example, just by looking at one’s body, it makes sense to us to evaluate one to be a woman but it is not possible to determine the body to be a US senator (Mikkola 70). Gender terms are commonly interchangeable with sex terms because women are ordinary thought to be human females and men are ordinary thought to be human males. Ordinary social agents does not see gender as a purely social matter and thus a conventionalist approach would be â€Å"unintuitive† because just changing our social environment will not eradicate all the problematic issues of gender. Mikkola also points out that even if conventionalists are able to convince ordinary social agents to view gender as a strictly social construction, it would be hard to pinpoint what and how much social changes is needed to accomplish gender equality (73). Since gender is a hugely complex issue and difficult to be thought as a strictly social production, Mikkola believes that it is strategically better for feminists to come up with an approach that is more contingent with ordinary thinking. Mikkola believesShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pagesinvited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, and race can not be adequately understoodRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1121 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Webster’s dictionary, feminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. In today’s modern world, no matter which end of the political spectrum a person is on, the term can invoke strong feelings - some of which have created a sense of shame or harm associated with the concept. These associations of wrongdoing and radicalism with the theory of feminism and its subsequent movement have existed long before the era of social media activism and selfies;Read MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1766 Words   |  8 Pages Feminism is a fight against oppression, but white supremacy exists within feminist movements, which is an obvious contradiction of the theory. â€Å"The feminist movement has centered on the experiences of White women and dismissed the experiences of Women of Color† (Feenstra, 2017, p. 67). In an article titled, From White Feminism to Intersectional Advocacy: The Development of a White Antiracist Identity, Abby Elizabeth Feenstra, a feminist illuminates her journey to becoming conscious of her whiteRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Theory1301 Words   |  6 PagesWGS 3600: Feminist Theory Frankie Snyder and Jax McMillian Due: 12/10/2015 Feminism is gender liberation Feminism needs to be more broadly defined in terms of gender liberation to encompass individuals from all walks of genders (or nongenders). Separating gender nonconforming issues from feminism is erasive; marginalized gender nonconforming individuals should not be told to fend for themselves and their own rights due to a multitude of oppressions experienced by these individuals (based on the prejudicialRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Theory Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe feminist theory takes the motion of the feminist equal rights movement and transforms it into a theoretical study. This rather new approach explores the status of females and equality activists as well as their role in society relating to others. The feminist theory explains what is relevant to women and the women s movement as well as how definitions are changing over time, whether they are sociological, philosophical, or psychological (Grosz, 2010). As the gender gap closes in our societyRead MoreFeminism A nd The Feminist Theory1942 Words   |  8 Pages2015 Feminist Theory Research Paper Though feminism and the feminist theory are often construed as the same philosophy, the two are related, yet different concepts. Feminism is defined as, â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In turn, a feminist is an individual who believes that men and women should be equal politically, economically, culturally, and socially (Definitions of Branches of Feminist). However, the feminist theory isRead MoreFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender alt ogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreFeminist Theory : The Beginnings Of Feminism1571 Words   |  7 Pages The Beginnings of Feminism â€Å"Feminist theory is an attempt to bring in views from the movement and other female experiences along with research and data information to create new ways to putting an end to female oppression (Kolmar and Bartkowski 12).† Women of all time periods use feminist theory to collaborate together on their real life experiences to come up with ways to make women apart of everyday life. Throughout the different time periods, women have gained more and more power into societyRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such asRead MoreEssay Feminism and feminist social theory 1100 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism and feminist social theory unlike other theoretical perspectives is woman-centered and inter-disciplinary, hence promotes methods of achieving social justice. The feminism and feminist social theory takes into consideration three questions, what of the women? Why is the present social world as it is today? Additionally, how can the social world be changed to make it more just for the women and all people alike? In recent developments, feminist theorists have begun questioning the differences

Press Freedom Essay Example For Students

Press Freedom Essay From the moment she stepped foot outside, Princess Diana of Whales had camera lenses and microphones pushed in her face. She was constantly pursued and for this reason she sometimes had to hide or disguise herself in order to avoid the unyielding persistence and constant harassment of the press. Eugene Robinson, a journalist in England said, â€Å"For the tabloids, day in and day out, no story is bigger than the royal family. All the tabloids employ royal-watching reporters, some of whom have become celebrities in their own right. The story of Princess Diana of Whales was the biggest story of all.† (Sabjan, 1998) Princess Diana could not even stay out of the public eye when she was behind the walls of the royal estate. The press broke the story of her failing marriage, her intercepted phone conversation with a male friend, and finally her new relationship. The Princess often complained about the coverage, saying â€Å"Any sane person would have left (Britain) long ago.† (Sabjan, 1998) But with an abundant amount of freelance photographers stalking her every move upon her leaving Kensington Palace, that idea proved impossible. Pushed almost to the edge by constant press harassment, Princess Diana was ready to consider making an attempt to avoid the public altogether. During her last interview, Princess Diana told writer Richard Kay that she was â€Å"Going to complete her obligations to her charities and then completely withdraw from her formal public life.† (Sabjan, 1998) The public had forced itself into the life of a celebrity and caused the pressure from the media to become overwhelming. Princess Diana did stay in England, however, and used the incredible amounts of media attention to her advantage. Princess Diana had numerous charities and good causes that were important to her so she used the press to promote them, all the while helping to shape her own image. Unfortunately, in the case of Princess Diana, the press and their use of agg ressive tactics resulted in a tragedy. Princess Diana and her friend Dodi Al-Fayed had just left the Ritz Hotel in Paris, France, late Saturday night, August 30, 1997. Sending a regular chauffeur and limousine ahead as a decoy, Princess Diana and Al-Fayed left out of a different hotel entrance and entered a Mercedes S-280 driven by Henri Paul. Some photographers saw this, and began to follow the Mercedes on motorcycles and cars. Henri Paul tried to lose the photographers as he increased the car’s speed, but the photographers continued to follow, chasing the car through the streets. Eyewitnesses saw the motorcycles swarming the Mercedes as it entered a tunnel traveling over 60 miles per hour. The speed limit in the tunnel was 30 miles per hour. Inside the tunnel, the Mercedes hit a curb, lost control, and slammed into a concrete barrier post, then flipped several times. Dodi Al-Fayed and driver Henri Paul were killed at the scene of the accident. Princess Diana was brought to a hospital where doctors had to open her chest to fix a wound to a major blood vessel. Princess Diana’s heart was directly massaged for 2 hours, but the doctors were unsuccessful in saving her life. Princess Diana was pronounced dead at the hospital 4 hours after the accident. (Sabjan, 1998) Soon after their deaths, seven of the photographers were arrested, declared by police as manslaughter suspects because they were the reason the car was speeding in the first place. The Princess’ death had a large impact on the United States. She was a public figure that others could model their lives after and she was involved in several charities in the United States. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution grants the press immunity, but several arguments have risen for some type of further regulation. The press has an extensive history that must be observed and understood for an accurate analysis of the problems that face the press today. When the United States Cons titution was written in 1787, primary authors James Madison and Alexander Hamilton had to â€Å"sell† it to the American people. The Constitution articles were written in newspapers throughout the country. These articles are now collectively known as The Federalist Papers. Without these articles, it is doubtful that the experiment known as The United States would have ever happened. Seeing the power of the press, the founding fathers guaranteed its complete freedom on the first amendment to the Constitution. (Schwartz, 1992, p.174) The Freedom of the press was designed to act as another independent outside check system. A check on either the Executive, Legislature, or Judiciary branch of the government. (Wilson, 1999) Along with this responsibility, the freedom of the press clause was designed to lead to an informed populace. As Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right, and we re it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.† (Schwartz, 1992, p.18) â€Å"The Press† is an extremely broad term and includes all systems that make information available to the public: newspapers, television, radio, magazines, books, lectures, movies, art, dance, telephone, cassettes, CDs, video discs, electronic bulletin boards, computer networks, billboards, and so on. It is generally referred to as â€Å"The Press† because the founding fathers, who wrote the freedom of the press into the Constitution, knew only of the printing press, at that time the most popular form of mass communication. Today, because of it’s variety, it is known as â€Å"The media.† â€Å"The media† would continue to present the public with information that influenced our society in several diverse ways. One of the most influential books o f the 1800s was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Published in 1852, Stowe portrayed African American slaves as human beings, rather than animals with petty uses, and their white owner, Simon Legree, as the novel’s villain. The book became extremely successful, selling over 300,000 copies in its first year. (Levy, 1999, p. 91) Of these 300,000, a countless number were purchased in the South with the sole purpose of burning it. However, this book swayed popular opinion in the North towards the abolition of slavery. Without Uncle Tom’s Cabin, anti- slavery might never have been a major cause of the Civil War (Levy, 1999, p.93) In 1906, a book entitled The Jungle was written by Upton Sinclair. Using groundbreaking techniques in investigative reporting, Sinclair exposed to the public the deplorable conditions at a Chicago meat packing industry. Sinclair worked undercover, then wrote about the conditions he observed in his book. The Jungle changed the way food products were handled in the United States, when in response to the book, the government founded the Food and Drug Administration to prevent further widespread food handling abuse. (McWilliams, 1998) In the late 1930s, American’s were gently prodded into taking sides in World War II by what they heard on the radio. From Germany, American’s heard the incoherent sounds of a ranting lunatic followed by masses lock-stepping and shouting, â€Å"Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!† From England however, American’s heard the warm, gentle, sometimes humorous voice of Winston Churchill. Surely it would be okay to lend this nice man some boats and lease him a few airplanes. And so, lend-lease was born, and the United States was no longer neutral. (Levy, 1999, p.114) The free press was responsible for major changes in America’s society. From the American Revolution, to the civil war, to the World Wars, the Press of America has shaped the way the public views and interprets certain events. It is important for Journalists to remember however, that they are responsible for informing the public in a certain fashion. Article IV of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) Statement of Principals, entitled â€Å"Truth and Accuracy,† states that â€Å"Good faith with the reader is the foundation of good journalism.† (Iggers, 1998, p.39) In order for the press to maintain â€Å"Good Faith† with the reader, they must follow certain guidelines or ethics. The Society of Professional Journalists gathered in 1996 to revise their previous codes, established in 1926. The society focused on four primary aspects of newsgathering and reporting. The first being seeking and reporting the truth. (Iggers, 1998, p. 40) According to the Society, Journalists should take many steps in assuring themselves that the information they have gathered is truthful and accurate. In order to do so, the Society suggests that the reporting journalists should test the accuracy of their information. Journalists should always seek out the subjects of their reporting and give them the opportunity to respond to the allegations that are being brought up against them, while identifying their sources, which should be checked thoroughly for reliability, and never plagiarized. By following these guidelines, the harm induced on those being reported is minimized, which is the Society’s next aspect in their code of ethics. (Iggers, 1998, p. 42) To minimize the harm caused to those being reported, journalists are simply reminded to be sensitive when seeking interviews or photos of people affected by tragedy or grief, realizing that private people have a right to control certain amounts of information regarding themselves. (Iggers, 1998, p. 42) In doing so, journalists become more respected by the public, and become accountable for their reports, the third aspect of the Society’s code. The Society states that in order for a journ alist to be accountable for their reporting, they must admit any to any mistakes they may have made, and attempt to correct them immediately. Journalists should clarify their coverage and invite the public to discuss and voice any grievances against the news media that they may have, as well as properly exposing unethical practices of fellow journalists and the news media. (Iggers, 1998, p. 43) In doing this, journalists will be working independently, the Society’s final rule. Journalists must remain free of associations that could damage their own personal credibility, which may involve accepting gifts, favors or concealed fees in exchange for reporting something your that benefits their source, contradicting the interests of the public. (Iggers, 1998, p.38-47) Journalists have these guidelines to help them concentrate their efforts to reporting honestly and accurately. There are some journalists however, that choose not to follow such guidelines. That is why there are limit ations on how journalists obtain their information, and how that information is reported. The First Amendment does not list any specific exceptions, but it does not protect all types of speech and press. The US Government can limit the freedom of the press when it comes to the invasion of one’s privacy. Privacy in a tort concept embraces four branches of protected interests: protection from unreasonable intrusion upon one’s seclusion, from appropriation of one’s name or likeness, from unreasonable publicity given to one’s private life, and from publicity which unreasonably places one in a false light before the public. (FindLaw Constitution, 1998) The Sedition Act of 1798 made criminal the malicious writings which defamed, brought into contempt of disrepute, or excited the hatred of the people against the Government, the President, or the Congress, or which stirred people to sedition. (FindLaw Constitution, 1998) The press can be sued for libel if the rep orted material involves those who are not public figures or public officials that do not have the burden of proving that the publication was done with a reckless disregard of the truth. Libel occurs when a statement that is false about an identifiable person is published to a third party, causing injury to the subject’s reputation. (Schwartz, 1991, p. 59) Through million dollar damage settlements, high-profile lawsuits and fraud, the credibility of the press is continually being questioned. Although the First Amendment immunizes the press against liability to public figures for most damages resulting from unfavorable coverage, a majority of the population believes this freedom has impelled the press to go to far in obtaining news. The Press greatly affects many people in different negative ways. Possibly the most often and exclusively covered are those involved in mainstream politics, especially when the members of the congress or other important positions in the government d o something that contradicts what is acceptable in society today. One of the most prominent events in this nation’s political history occurred recently when current President Bill Clinton was romantically involved with a woman other than his wife. In 1995, Monica Lewinsky, a recent graduate of Lewis and Clark College in Portland, OR, began an internship at the White House in Washington, D.C. She quickly became close acquaintances with the President, as she transferred to a job in which she worked very closely to him. (Isikof, 1998) Linda Tripp, a friend of Monica Lewinsky’s, taped several phone conversations that she had with Ms. Lewinsky in which Ms. Lewinsky talked about giving oral sex to the President in a private study in the oval office. These tapes were then turned over to Kenneth Starr. Independent counsel Kenneth Starr led the Whitewater investigation, which were financial situations that Bill Clinton and his wife Hilary were involved in previous to Clintonâ⠂¬â„¢s first term as President, when he was the Governor of Arkansas. (Isikof, 1998) Starr wrote and sent a 445-page report on President Clinton and his acts of perjury to the House Judiciary Committee on Sept. 9, 1998. Clinton was accused of lying under oath regarding his relationship with Monica Lewinsky and impeding justice when he supposedly told Monica to lie about their relationship. The historic report, which was released to the American public, outlined 11 possible grounds for impeachment and contained explicit descriptions of Clinton’s sexual encounters with Monica Lewinsky. (isikof, 1998) For months the evening news was dominated by in depth discussion focusing directly on the President and his physical relationship with Monica Lewinsky. The Starr report was available to anyone in America over the internet. Summaries were printed in nearly all newspapers and magazines, and continued discussion swarmed everywhere on television and radio programs. Despite the fact tha t Clinton was accused of committing perjury, the American public remained on his side. 64%2 of Americans polled said they wanted Bill Clinton to remain in office. Even after all of the negative publicity that the President had received, the American public was still behind him, and it was not because the American public believed that the President was innocent of the charges. Seventy nine percent of those polled believed he was guilty of perjury. However, 68% of those polled believed that Clinton was performing his duties as President extremely well, and that the press was overly invading his personal life, which the press is often accused of. (Holland, 1998) The press has been accused of having a profoundly negative impact on the lives of public figures. In the last 30 years, journalism has changed from reporting only what was of importance to the public, to focusing on the private events of public figure’s lives. As Jeremy Iggers, author of Good News, Bad News said it, â₠¬Å"Network television news has become a world of UFOs, psychics, daydreams, miracle cures, cuddly animals, O.J. Simpson1, Jon Benet Ramsey, and from time to time, at least for a few minutes, actual news.† (Iggers, 1998, p. 114) It is extremely easy to find a case in which the press held the right to privacy in disregard. John F. Kennedy Jr. was in the spotlight of the press his entire life, following in his father’s footsteps. He life was followed by millions around the world. He became a prominent prosecutor in New York, then started a new political and socially orientated magazine entitled â€Å"George.† Kennedy Jr. married Carolyn Bessette in 1996, and life was going well for him. Then in 1999, tragedy struck. On July 16, 1999, Kennedy Jr., his wife Carolyn, and her sister were flying over the coast of Massachusetts, when their plane crashed into Martha’s Vineyard. All three were killed, and their ashes were spread not far from where the plane went down . (Kennedy, 2000) Within minutes of the news breaking that John Kennedy Jr.’s plane had disappeared, the media went into overdrive. Within hours, major networks and 24-hour cable news channels had top anchors in place, keeping up a steady drumbeat of coverage, pounding on the same few facts amid great speculation, historical reminiscences, and anecdotes. Tom Rosenstiel, director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism said that, â€Å"In 12 hours of coverage, there were only about 10 minutes’ worth of actual facts.† Stephen Lacy, acting director of Michigan State University’s School of Journalism in East Lansing said through the coverage of the Kennedy tragedy, he saw, â€Å"a bigger disconnect between the press and the public. It was a bit of overkill, especially on television.† He went on to say that â€Å"The media have not quite realized that overplaying does not help their credibility, but continues to show examples of the news industry e xploiting a tragedy in a push to stem a 20-year slide in ratings, readers, and credibility.† Not only is the press hurting the public figures by this kind of reporting, it is also affecting the public. When asked whether or not the Press had too much freedom in the United States today, 53% of those polled said yes. This percentage is up from 37% in 1997. (Sabjan, 1999) Paul McMasters of the First Amendment Center attributes the shift solely on the deeper dissatisfaction that the public feels towards the media. He believes that the public feels a sense of being overwhelmed in major stories (like the Kennedy crash) by speculation and the pervasiveness of news outlets. (Kennedy, 1999) The clash between the public and the press goes beyond insensitive reporting. The biggest question that faces the Press in the 90s, is the ongoing confusion regarding what the press’ actual motives in reporting the news are. Many believe that is the demand for high ratings on television or ne wspaper that leads journalists down the wrong path towards tabloid journalism, instead of reporting truthful, accurate and important information. Walter Cronkite, a broadcast journalist of the 60s and 70s, known for his coverage of the first man to walk on the moon, and the death of President John F. Kennedy said in 1998, â€Å"instead of these TV magazine programs offering tough documentaries and background on the issues that affect all of us, they’re making them into television copies of ‘photoplay’ magazine. Cronkite goes on to say that â€Å"News executives know better, but are helpless when top management demands an increase in ratings for profit protection. (Levy, 1999, p.61-63) The motives behind newsgathering could be considered by many to be contrary to what their responsibilities are. Changes in the autonomy3 and accountability of journalists in the past few years has resulted in questioning whether journalists are more interested in reporting what is important and necessary for public information, or personal gain in their field. The classic example of this is the story of Janet Cooke. Janet Cooke was a well respected journalist who worked for the Washington Post in the late 70s to 1981. In 1981, Cooke wrote a gripping story entitled, â€Å"Jimmy’s World.† â€Å"Jimmy† was an eight year old African American boy, who had become addicted to heroin due to the constant harassment and abuse from his mother’s live-in boyfriend. Her story was so well appreciated that it won the Pulitzer Prize in 1981. Shortly afterwards however, â€Å"Jimmy† was revealed as a falsity. Never was there a Jimmy, as Cooke later admitted to completely making up the story. Her Pulitzer was taken away, and Janet Cooke was forced to resign from journalism. Many refer to her as the new model journalist. Now, Not only are there journalists lying about their information and their stories, but top media executive decisions are a lso affecting whether or not the public receives information that is relevant. With several corporation mergers and consolidations, clamping down on costs and budgets, regardless of the effect on the news coverage, can make a company a more attractive take over target, an advantage to major shareholders in that corporation. Top executives in media operations often own even larger amounts of stock options, resulting in more income than their salary. Because of this, they have a personal interest in their companies’ profit. The more viewers they have, and the more the can squeeze out of their employees, the richer they will be in the end. (Levy, 1999, p. 70) This results in focusing on getting ratings rather than truthfulness and importance. Television programs such as American Journal and Hard Copy are filled with stories being covered simply for ratings. In the last twenty years, similar to television and magazines that have strayed toward reporting what will get ratings rath er than good solid news, journalists have done the same. The goals of more and more journalists have gone from reporting solid and useful material to whatever will make them the most money. Andrew Kohut, director of the Pen Research Center for People and the Press says, â€Å"The public feels that journalists are too aggressive in the way they play their watchdog role, and are doing it not because they are seeking the truth, but to advance their careers.† (Bowes, 1997, p. 124) Whether or not this is the case, the public cannot deny the fact that without the free press, it would be impossible to retain an informed populace. That is why many believe the press should be free to report anything truthful, honest and accurate. Throughout United States history, the Supreme Court has maintained and guaranteed the right to a free press. One of the most widely known cases in which this right is secured is in the case of New York Times Co. v. United States. The Pentagon Papers were top- secret information. The Papers were a study that detailed government deceptions about United States policy relating to the Vietnam War. The Papers were revealed to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg, one of the analysts who helped write and publish the study in 1971. These revealed that the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which led to increased U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, had been formulated months before the corresponding incident took place, and that President Lyndon Johnson had been committing infantry to Vietnam while telling the nation that he had no long-range plans for the war. The U.S. government took the New York Times to court on basis publishing material that challenged national security. However, the Supreme Court agreed that stopping the publication violated First Amendment protections. Justice Hugo L. Black commented on the case saying, â€Å"I believe that every moment’s continuance of the injunctions against these newspapers amounts to a flagrant, indefe nsible, and continuing violation of the First Amendment. In the 1992 case of Food Lion v. American Broadcasting Channel Co. (ABC), two producers from the ABC news magazine show called â€Å"Prime Time Live† went under cover and started working at Food Lion grocery stores. The two ABC reporters used false resumes to get jobs at a Food Lion store in North and South Carolina, then secretly videotaped employees for a story on food-handling practices that accused the grocery chain of selling rat-gnawed cheese and rotting meat. The report alleged that Food Lion employees ground out-of-date beef along with new beef, bleached rank meat to remove its odor and redated products not sold before their expiration date. In 1992, the jury that found ABC guilty of fraud under a state law awarded the supermarket chain $5.5 million in punitive damages, but that was cut to $315,000 by a federal judge. (Associated Press, 1999) This past year, the charges were reversed, and ABC was found not guilt y of the charges brought against them. ABC intended to benefit the consuming public by letting it know about Food Lion’s food handling practices,† said the opinion by Judge M. Blane Michael. â€Å"And Moreover, ABC was not competing with Food Lion, as it did not have any actual or potential business relationship with the grocery chain.† The appeals panel affirmed the jury finding that the two ABC employees who worked for Food Lion–Lynne Dale and Susan Barnett — breached their duty of loyalty to Food Lion and committed trespass. It upheld nominal damages of $1 each against them. (Associated Press, 1999) â€Å"This is a victory for the American tradition of investigative journalism. In the end, after Food Lion spent millions of dollars on legal fees and public relations offensives, the court ordered ABC News to pay only $2 in damages,† said David Westin, ABC News president. (Associated Press, 1999) In the argument of the press over emphasizing coverage of public figures, several things must come into consideration. First and foremost, the press has the right to publish personal information about a public figure. As Supreme Court Justice Douglas said, â€Å"Such privacy as a person normally has ceases when his life has ceased to be private.† (Leahy, 1991, p.31) The First Amendment was intended for full freedom of expression for the press. For â€Å"a right to engage in rasping, corrosive, and offensive discussion on all topics of public interest.† (Levy, 1999, p.77) Many believe that the blame for the change in journalism from honest to tabloid journalism can be placed squarely on the public. The tabloid television shows have always done well in daytime ratings, as the public most often views television shows that focus on celebrities involving sex, crimes, or daily life. Joe Saltzman, a columnist for USA Today, in an article to the public said: â€Å"This is the way you want it. When you stop embracing cele brity journalism, when it is no longer profitable to publish pictures of every facet of a celebrities’ daily life, then all of this will end. And all media will look for something else that you want. To complain about the way things are, is simply to add more hypocrisy to the stench already surrounding us.† (Hamill, 1998, p.175) In order for the media and the public to coexist on better terms, certain things must occur. Journalists must try to follow codes of ethics that have been implied on them. By personally following the ethics that the American Society of Newspaper Editors have written, the public will once again begin to trust the press as truth seeking and honest. Journalists must also remain focused on the important issues that effect the American people. Issues involving political issues and votes in congress, not just what a political figure did on the weekend. Journalists should shy away from reporting consensual crimes. Consensual crimes corrupt our free pre ss. Because committing a consensual crime is breaking the law, and since breaking the law is news, reporters are often sent out looking for drug busts, hookers, or stories on who is sleeping with whom and whether or not they’re married to someone else. (McWilliams, 1999) As George Bernard Shaw, winner of the Nobel prize for literature commented, â€Å"You’d think America was populated solely by naked women and cinema stars.† (McWilliams, 1999) The press not only cheapens itself by playing tattletale and reporting the consensual exploits of others; it also â€Å"eats it’s young† by reporting on the consensual activities of its own. An example of this involves an attractive female â€Å"reporter† who invited Larry King up to her hotel room, which happened to have a barrage of hidden cameras. Time went on and on, Mr. King did not make a single improper move. But, as dull and unimportant as it was, they aired the tape anyway. (McWilliams, 1999) News like this benefits no one, and should have no place in journalism. The public, just like the press, has to adapt and change as well if the press is expected to change the way they report information, and what kind of information they report. The public can no longer maintain such a high appreciation for obtaining information regarding the personal lives of those with very public lives. If this occurs, horrible tragedies like the death of Princess Diana could possibly be avoided in the future. The press will always report events that occur in the lives of public figures, but if the public as a whole loses its insatiable curiosity regarding these public figures, the press will begin to look elsewhere for stories that hold the public’s interest. Over the course of the 20th century the Supreme Court has breathed life into the text of the First Amendment by upholding the right of the press to pursue its mission, no matter how detestable that might seem to those in power. The courts have imposed some limits on liberty, and some questions remain as to how far this liberty will extend to new media and to some of the more aggressive efforts employed by journalists to obtain the news. Still, as Justice Stewart wrote in the Pentagon Papers case, â€Å"without an informed and free press there cannot be an enlightened people.† The U.S. Supreme Court has yet to address many of the important issues raised by surreptitious newsgathering. And the issue at hand may be much larger than the pure legality of journalistic methods and behavior. The face of journalism itself is changing to accommodate new technology, global events, and the complicated needs and interests of the viewer. In the case of Food Lion, many argue that â€Å"the prime time magazines are under enormous pressure to tell clear, simple stories, with victims and villains, preferably illustrated with eye-catching video,† (Gunther, 1998) The challenge facing the courts then, is to ensure th at investigative journalism can continue to produce hard-hitting stories that expose wrongdoing, while avoiding the litigation that redirects blame to the journalists. Like most legal issues, the balance is unstable, but the public can only be best served once the question of the media and constitutional protection have been put to rest. The freedom of the press will remain as one of the most important freedoms in our country. So as a country, it should be of utmost importance to hold on to that freedom, with the press and public attempting to work together to maintain liberty. Andrew Hamilton said it best in a speech he gave on August 4, 1735: Power may justly be compared to a great river; while keeping its bounds, it is both beautiful and useful, but when it overflows its banks, it is then too impetuous to be stemmed; it bears down all before it, and brings destruction and desolation wherever it comes. If, then, this be the nature of power, let us at least do our duty as a country , and like wise men who value freedom, use our utmost care to support liberty, the only bulwark against lawless power, which, in all ages has sacrificed the blood of the best men that ever lived. (encarta, 99) That was a sweet ass paper. Comments or thanks @ Bibliography Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Federal appeals court reverses fraud verdict against ABC in Food Lion case.† available online http://www.gocarolinas.com/news/carolinas/1999/10/20/food_lion.html, February 18, 2000. This article, and this case in general was extremely helpful, containing valueable information regarding a case that strongly supported the arguement that the press should not be regulated. Bowes, Kay. Journalism Ethics Columbus Publications. 1997. Encarta Online Delux. â€Å"Andrew Hamilton on Free Speech and Press.† available online www.Encarta.com. January 8, 2000. FindLaw Constitution. â€Å"Invasion of Privacy.† available online http://caselaw.nndraw.com/data/Constitution/amen dment01/19.html, January 12, 2000. Gunther, Marc. â€Å"The Lion’s Share.† American Journalism Review, March 1997. Hamill, Pete. News is a Verb. Ballantine Publishing Group. 1997. Holland, Keating. Poll: Strong majority do not want Clinton removed from office. available http://cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/01/11/poll/, January 26, 2000. 20 Infoplease.com. â€Å"Kenneth Starr.† available online http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0767291.html. February 16, 2000. Iggers, Jeremy. Good News, Bad News. Westview Press. 1998 This book played a vital part in my researc paper, supplying most of my basis for the codes of ethics journalists must follow. Isikof, Michael. and Thomas, Evan. â€Å"The President and the intern.† Newsweek 2 Feb.1998. Kennedy, Bruce. â€Å"JFK Jr.: Reluctant Crown Prince or America’s â€Å"Royal Family.† available online http://cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/kennedy/stories/jfk.profile/index.html, Februrary 20, 2000. Levy, Beth. Bonill a, Denise M. The Power of the Press. H.W. Wilson Company. New York, 1999. McWilliams, Walter. â€Å"Consensual Crimes Corrupt the Freedom of the Press.† available online http://www.mcwilliams.com/books/amt/212.htm. Sabjan, Kathryn. â€Å"Tabloid Journalism.† online available http://www.an.psu.edu/cgk4/kls5.html, December 20, 1999. Schwartz, Bernard. Freedom of the Press. Facts on file Publishing. 1992. This book was also very important to my paper, as it had an incredible amount of facts regarding the history of the Freedom of the Press. 21 Wilson, Mike. â€Å"Freedom of the Press: How far does it go?† Cobblestone. January 1999. Proquest. January 20, 2000. Word Count: 5132 BibliographyBibliography Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Federal appeals court reverses fraud verdict against ABC in Food Lion case.† available online http://www.gocarolinas.com/news/carolinas/1999/10/20/food_lion.html, February 18, 2000. This article, and this case in general was e xtremely helpful, containing valueable information regarding a case that strongly supported the arguement that the press should not be regulated. Bowes, Kay. Journalism Ethics Columbus Publications. 1997. Encarta Online Delux. â€Å"Andrew Hamilton on Free Speech and Press.† available online www.Encarta.com. January 8, 2000. FindLaw Constitution. â€Å"Invasion of Privacy.† available online http://caselaw.nndraw.com/data/Constitution/amendment01/19.html, January 12, 2000. Gunther, Marc. â€Å"The Lion’s Share.† American Journalism Review, March 1997. Hamill, Pete. News is a Verb. Ballantine Publishing Group. 1997. Holland, Keating. Poll: Strong majority do not want Clinton removed from office. available http://cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/01/11/poll/, January 26, 2000. 20 Infoplease.com. â€Å"Kenneth Starr.† available online http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0767291.html. February 16, 2000. Iggers, Jeremy. Good News, Bad News. Westview Press. 199 8 This book played a vital part in my researc paper, supplying most of my basis for the codes of ethics journalists must follow. Isikof, Michael. and Thomas, Evan. â€Å"The President and the intern.† Newsweek 2 Feb.1998. Kennedy, Bruce. â€Å"JFK Jr.: Reluctant Crown Prince or America’s â€Å"Royal Family.† available online http://cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/kennedy/stories/jfk.profile/index.html, Februrary 20, 2000. Levy, Beth. Bonilla, Denise M. The Power of the Press. H.W. Wilson Company. New York, 1999. McWilliams, Walter. â€Å"Consensual Crimes Corrupt the Freedom of the Press.† available online http://www.mcwilliams.com/books/amt/212.htm. Sabjan, Kathryn. â€Å"Tabloid Journalism.† online available http://www.an.psu.edu/cgk4/kls5.html, December 20, 1999. Schwartz, Bernard. Freedom of the Press. Facts on file Publishing. 1992. This book was also very important to my paper, as it had an incredible amount of facts regarding the history of the Freed om of the Press. 21 Wilson, Mike. â€Å"Freedom of the Press: How far does it go?† Cobblestone. January 1999. Proquest. January 20, 2000. Overpopulation in the 1900s Essay