Friday, December 27, 2019

Analysis of the Continental Army, the Oneida People and...

Posterity chooses to view the American Revolution in a different light than many revolutionaries experienced it, for history is often mutable at the founding of a country. As revolutionary ideals blossomed, certain people were rejected from the pages of history. Many of them fought and bled for America, and one penned a history of his colony, but none were given historical shares of American independence. They were rejected from posterity’s heroic, romantic play of the American Revolution because their historical truths could not be cast—they created another play altogether. The following is an analysis of the Continental Army, the Oneida people and of Thomas Hutchinson— each was rejected from an idealist’s view of the American Revolution.†¦show more content†¦From Valley Forge onward, there was a split between the soldiers and the larger public. Even as the public or civilians contributed little, â€Å"they believed [their contributions] not to be necessary† . The soldiers, banding together as one, â€Å"began to take pride in surviving as an army despite the heedlessness of the public† . Civilians would eat cows and pigs, but soldiers were forced to eat raw flour . And as the Continental Army lived in squalor, used moldy bedpans, and left Lord-only-knows-what detritus behind them, the people began to dislike the military even more. The Continental Army needed funding, and the people chose to ignore it. It was a mutually antagonistic relationship. This clear discrepancy between what the public deemed necessary for the â€Å"unfortunate soldiers† and, on the other hand, what the soldiers needed to survive, rankled revolutionaries and led to a splintering of the public from the military. As the soldiers wondered how a revolutionary war was to be undertaken with only voluntary contributions, the public wondered whether the revolutionary war would create a dictatorship. The result of George Washington†™s plea with his officers in 1783 to stall rebellion in Newburgh represented a grand superseding of the public’s needs over those of the soldiers. He was Commander of the Continental Army and yet was â€Å"the central figure in overcoming the threat to defy congress† . In 1782 the nation stopped paying the soldiers, as it had promised, half-wagesShow MoreRelatedAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesT-chart to analyze the validity of democracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Puritans Triangular trade First Continental Congress John Smith Separatists Molasses Act Sugar Act Francis Drake Pilgrims

Thursday, December 19, 2019

A Research Study On Ivf - 890 Words

Before this systematic review published, only two reviews were available of outcomes for singletons after IVF techniques. In comparison with natural conception, it has been proposed that the obstetric results of pregnancies are poorer with IVF/ICSI. Today, it is reported that the number of women that undergo IVF/ICSI process is increasing around the world. With this, I am curious about the risks for women having IVF/ICSI and how perilous it is to them since the process is not natural. I would also like to know what causes the risks and specifically the factors that increase them. As a nurse who had IVF education and practice and worked with such renowned IVF specialists such as Dr. Buckett, Dr. Holzer and Dr.Tan, I decided to conduct a synthesized evidence search on the systematic review so that I can help these patients to have more attentive care to prevent or minimize the possible risks of In Vitro Fertilization techniques that may potentially endanger them. In this synthesized, evidenced search, I wanted to learn whether IVF pregnancies are bound to greater precarious risks and whether there is the way to minimize possible risks by providing more antenatal care to the clients. I find this important since most of the patients having IVF/ICSI are very delicate, so they would require more systematic care based on recent studies. I used the key search terms. I entered â€Å"Systematic review†, â€Å"IVF†, and â€Å"ICSI†. Out of more than 40 systematic reviews on the Health ReproductionShow MoreRelatedSynthesis Of Interventions1406 Words   |  6 PagesIII-Synthesis of Interventions Much of the research regarding infertility has limitations both ethically and financially in the realm of fertility and pregnancy. It is difficult to treat a woman or man with an intervention technique for infertility treatment because of the unknown long-term affect that could affect a mother, father, or child. In this synthesis of interventions, peer reviewed research is analyzed to understand the recommended interventions of the authors and to better comprehendRead MoreVitro Fertilization And The Future Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagespeople use to discuss alternative ways to have a child. This is called Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART), one popular form of ART is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Many couples and even single people of today’s world use this great technology to have a child. The beginning of IVF The first successful human child born, conceived through IVF technology, is named Louise Brown. She was born on July 25, 1978 in Oldham General Hospital in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. Her parents are Lesley andRead MoreAssisted Reproductive Technology ( Vitro Fertilisation )810 Words   |  4 Pagesincludes IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) treatments have helped xxx of women got pregnant and deliver around xx of newborns to couples in the UK every year. However, the overall pregnancy rate is remain low. Only a minority (15-30%) of embryos implanted in the uterus result in a successful pregnancy. It is approximately xx%, it means xx of embryos fail to develop, implant or form a baby. The first selection point in the clinic is xx hours post IVF/ICSI. EmbryologistsRead MoreEssay on In Vitro Fertilization816 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1958, he became a staff scientist at the National Institute for Medical Research in London and initiated his research on the human fertilization process. Five years later, he began his academic career in the reproductive physiology department was spent in Cambridge, UK, where he and gynecologist, Patrick Steptoe started the world’s first In Vitro Fertilization centre, the Bourn Hall Clinic. Edwards was the research director for the clinic for several years and had also edited many leadingRead MoreTesting For Multiple Incidents Of Ivf Failure And Rsa825 Words   |  4 Pages IVIG for Multiple Incidents of IVF Failure and RSA Leslie A. Howard Maryville University Author Note Leslie A. Howard, St. Louis, Missouri. Correspondence concerning this review should be addressed to Leslie A. Howard, 1029 Jackson Street, St. Charles, MO 63301. Email: lhoward3@live.maryville.edu IVIG for Multiple Incidents of IVF Failure and RSA Unexplained infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) are current problems in healthcare. Infertility, which is the inability to produceRead MoreStem Cell Research And Vitro Fertilization1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Writing on Embryonic Stem Cell Research and In-Vitro Fertilization is a very difficult subject. Can it better mankind or is it an abomination against God. Religion plays a big part to the devout and their beliefs that they put in God. Science has its findings and personal beliefs on this subject that it’s not against God. The two have compelling arguments about the subject matter and pulls you into a spiritual and logical tug of war. It involves a political point of view and a banRead MoreDrinking Embryos1118 Words   |  5 Pagesshe experienced two failed frozen embryo transfers both times and had also failed one fresh embryo transfer. Huang took a break from the IVF treatment to focus on her work. In 2014, one of Huangs friends who was treated at the same hospital, got pregnant with a set of twins through IVF. This encouraged Huang to try for a baby again. She re-started her IVF treatment at the beginning of 2015, the report said, she had used the embryos which had been frozen in†¯liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees CelsiusRead MoreEvolution Of Embryo Production882 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction IVF is one of these important innovations that will assure the trade of genetics of various species across the globe. Figure 1 illustrates the evolution of both in vivo and in vitro bovine embryo production between 1997 and 2015 based on data recovered by IETS’ Data Retrieval Committee (Perry, 2016). In this figure, it is apparent that in vivo embryo production was an important technology used by many producers until this production leveled off in 2006 and seemed to decrease slightlyRead MoreWhat Is the Future of Humans If We Utilise All Aspects of Available Biotechnology?1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern connotations, humans have used biological processes involving microorganisms for thousands of years in aiding the production of food products. A few of the most prominent and areas of science that utilises biotechnology are; cloning, IVF and stem cell research. Cloning is the creation of an organism that is the exact genetic copy of another. There are multiple ways that cloning can be achieved through biotechnology. Artificial embryo twinning is the more basic version of cloning. It mimicsRead MoreOvarian Reserve Teste1339 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Fertility research has shown continuous work to optimize the diagnostic tools and improve the potential outcome of the normal and assisted pregnancy in the last century. Researchers tried to find a method to predict the fertility potentials of the couples especially with the recent tendency to postpone pregnancy till late thirties and even forties and its subfertility sequel resulted from the continuous decrease in the ova quantity and quality over years [9]. Females at the same age

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Telemedicine Coming of Age Essay Sample free essay sample

In this article ( Brown 1996 ) the writer has reviewed assorted dimensions of telemedicine like – different enabling engineerings. plans. advantages. barriers etc. One can detect a clear prejudice towards engineering and telemedicine in this article. There can be no uncertainty that telemedicine is based on application of advanced telecommunication engineerings. but at the same clip it should non be forgotten that the full exercising is for the benefit of human being and hence. focal point has to be on benefit or injury to human being. While looking at the positive side of promotions in engineerings. it is a common pattern to bury the impudent side of it. Already. the enhanced connectivity of people by modern telecom engineerings which seems to hold connected the Earth has separated neighbours. created spread between parents and their progeny. All this is doing a great injury to the health or wellness of humanity. Is it non ironical that we are speaking about telepsychiatry to handle the really illness psychopathology which in many instances is due to usage of modern teletechnologies itself! The writer has chosen to wholly overlook disadvantages of telemedicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Telemedicine Coming of Age Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Is it non a clear prejudice toward telemedicine? While discoursing the barriers or obstructions of telemedicine. once more the writer has given excessively much importance to the enabling engineerings and statute laws. The human touch is once more losing. What about credence of the engineering by the concluding donee the human existences? What about unmanageable jurisprudence and order state of affairs prevalent on a huge district of the Earth. What about overzealous spiritual motions denouncing use of modern engineering of benefit of world. Until these forces are controlled. can we woolgather of distributing the benefit of telemedicine to the existent consumers – the hapless people for whom medical installations is a existent dream even in 21stcentury. Thus the article. while supplying a good update. fails to undertake the more critical issues related to telemedicine. One should retrieve that larger end of telemedicine is to supply health care installations to those deprived of it till now and non merely as an supplement to healthcare installations of medically flush category. Mention

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Marketing and Reflective Thinking free essay sample

Distribution decisions can sometimes give a product a distinct position in the market. The choice of retailers and other intermediaries is strongly tied to the product itself. Manufacturers select mass merchandisers to sell mid-price-range products while they distribute top-of-the-line products through high-end department and specialty stores. The firm’s sales force and communications decisions depend on how much persuasion, training, motivation, and support its channel partners need. Whether a company develops or acquires certain new products may depend on how well those products fit the capabilities of its channel members. Some companies pay too little attention to their distribution channels. Others, such as FedEx, Dell Computer, and Charles Schwab have used imaginative distribution systems to gain a competitive advantage. Functions of Distribution Channels Distribution channels perform a number of functions that make possible the flow of goods from the producer to the customer. These functions must be handled by someone in the channel. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Reflective Thinking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the type of organization that performs the different functions can vary from channel to channel, the functions themselves cannot be eliminated. Channels provide time, place, and ownership utility. They make products available when, where, and in the sizes and quantities that customers want. Distribution channels provide a number of logistics or physical distribution functions that increase the efficiency of the flow of goods from producer to customer. Distribution channels create efficiencies by  reducing the number of transactions  necessary for goods to flow from many different manufacturers to large numbers of customers. This occurs in two ways. The first is called  breaking bulk. Wholesalers and retailers purchase large quantities of goods from manufacturers but sell only one or a few at a time to many different customers. Second, channel intermediaries reduce the number of transactions by  creating assortments—providing a variety of products in one location—so that customers can conveniently buy many different items from one seller at one time. Channels are efficient. The  transportation and storage of goods  is another type of physical distribution function. Retailers and other channel members move the goods from the production site to other locations where they are held until they are wanted by customers. Channel intermediaries also perform a number of  facilitating functions, functions that make the purchase process easier for customers and manufacturers. Intermediaries often provide  customer services  such as offering credit to buyers and accepting customer returns. Customer services are oftentimes more important in B2B markets in which customers purchase larger quantities of higher-priced products. Some wholesalers and retailers assist the manufacturer by providing  repair and maintenance service  for products they handle. Channel members also perform a  risk-taking  function. If a retailer buys a product from a manufacturer and it doesn’t sell, it is â€Å"stuck† with the item and will lose money. Last, channel members perform a variety of  communication  and  transaction  functions. Wholesalers buy products to make them available for retailers and sell products to other channel members. Retailers handle transactions with final consumers. Channel members can provide two-way communication for manufacturers. They may supply the sales force, advertising, and other marketing communications necessary to inform consumers and persuade them to buy. And the channel members can be invaluable sources of information on consumer complaints, changing tastes, and new competitors in the market. The Internet in the Distribution Channel By using the Internet, even small firms with limited resources can enjoy some of the same competitive advantages as their largest competitors in making their products available to customers internationally at low cost. E-commerce can result in radical changes in distribution strategies. Today most goods are mass-produced, and in most cases end users do not obtain products directly from manufacturers. With the Internet, however, the need for intermediaries and much of what has been assumed about the need and benefits of channels will change. In the future, channel intermediaries that physically handle the product may become largely obsolete. Many traditional intermediaries are already being eliminated as companies question the value added by layers in the distribution channel. This removal of intermediaries is termed  disintermediation, the elimination of some layers of the distribution channel in order to cut costs and improve the efficiency of the channel. COURSE DESCRIPTION The course is an introduction to the language and issues of marketing with an emphasis on learning to develop responsive marketing strategies that meet customer needs. The course focuses on basic marketing concepts, the role of marketing in the organization, and the role of marketing in society. Topics include market segmentation, product development, promotion, distribution, and pricing. Other topics, which will be incorporated into the course, are external environment (which will focus on integrative topics with marketing, such as economics, politics, government, and nature), marketing research, international/global marketing with relevance to cultural diversity, ethics, and the impact of technology on marketing. COURSE PERSPECTIVE We all have many experiences with marketing from the viewpoint of the consumer. In this course, we will take the perspective of the marketing decision maker. The students will learn that there is much more to marketing than they might have expected. From the textbook, participation assignments/homework, and class discussions, students will learn about the decisions that marketers must make and tools/frameworks that will assist them in making those decisions effectively. By the end of the course, they should understand the complexity and challenges associated with making marketing decisions as well as ways to design effective marketing strategies. On the practical side, this new understanding of marketing should make each of student a more knowledgeable consumer. COURSE LEARNING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Accordingly, the course emphasizes the following: To analyze the role of marketing within the firm and society. To expose the two parts of a marketing strategy: the target market and the marketing mix. To study the four basic variables in the marketing mix: product, promotion, price, and distribution. To exercise analytical, communication, and presentation skills (through use of technological aids, such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and the Internet)—the basic tools of marketing. COURSE STRUCTURE An effective way to help students learn about marketing is the actual creation of a marketing plan for a product or service. This project is designed to accomplish such a task. The class will be divided into groups (five student’s maximum per group), each group will decide on a â€Å"fictional† consumer product or service they wish to bring to market. During the course of the semester, each of the elements of the marketing plan, coordinating with the text chapter, will be due for review. See the attached schedule for when the specific information is due. Each submission will be reviewed and presented with suggested areas for improvement, for more detailed study, or if acceptable, allow the students to proceed to the next phase in development. At the end of the semester, each group is to present their entire marketing plan to the class. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION The course is highly interactive between the class and the instructor. Through case studies/presentations, problems, and specific company client activities, students will have the opportunity to use the concepts, ideas, and strategies presented in class. Problem-solving sessions occur in both individual (primarily) and team (occasionally) settings. This course will incorporate a lecture and project-based approach to the teaching of marketing. The textbook will be used as a reference point for the discussion(s) of the marketing plan project. Students are encouraged to read and inculcate the major principles found in the textbook. The eminent Dutch psychologist, management researcher, and culture expert Geert Hofstede, early in his career, interviewed unsuccessfully for an engineering job with an American company. Later, he wrote of typical cross-cultural misunderstandings that crop up when American managers interview Dutch recruits and vice versa: â€Å"American applicants, to Dutch eyes, oversell themselves. Their CVs are worded in superlatives†¦d uring the interview they try to behave assertively, promising things they are very unlikely to realize†¦Dutch applicants in American eyes undersell themselves. They write modest and usually short CVs, counting on the interviewer to find out by asking how good they really are†¦they are very careful not to be seen as braggarts and not to make promises they are not absolutely sure they can fulfill. American interviewers know how to interpret American CVs and interviews and they tend to discount the information provided. Dutch interviewers, accustomed to Dutch applicants, tend to upgrade the information. To an uninitiated American interviewer an uninitiated Dutch applicant comes across as a sucker. To an uninitiated Dutch interviewer an uninitiated American applicant comes across as a braggart. 1 Cultural differences, while difficult to observe and measure, are obviously very important. Failure to appreciate and account for them can lead to embarrassing blunders, strain relationships, and drag down business performance. And the effects of culture persist even in life-and-death situations. Consider the example of Korean Air’s high in cidence of plane crashes between 1970 and 2000. As an analysis of conversations recorded in the black boxes of the crashed planes revealed, the co-pilots and flight engineers in all-Korean cockpits were too deferential to their captains. Even in the advent of a possible crash, Korean Air co-pilots and flight engineers rarely suggested actions that would contradict the judgments of their captains. Challenging one’s superior in Korea was considered culturally inadequate behavior. 2 The Korean Air example is particularly noteworthy for two reasons. First, if national culture can have significant – not to say existential – consequences among people of the same cultural origin, we need to be very cautious in how we deal with national cultural differences in cross-border interactions. Second, it is interesting to note that the attitudes and behaviors revealed by Korean Air co-pilots and flight engineers persisted in such a highly regulated environment like commercial aviation. National culture shapes behavior and this influence reaches beyond administrative attributes such as governmental policies, laws and public institutions. Therefore, this note focuses on how the influence of culture materializes and how cultural differences affect the operation of firms around the globe.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

The heritage of the Soviet Union

Two decades ago many people thought the number of democratic countries would increase significantly in Europe. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was regarded as a potent impetus for countries of Central and Eastern Europe to develop into democratic Western-like states. People in Western Europe and North America as well as people of Central and Eastern Europe strived for democratic societies in the post-Soviet regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The heritage of the Soviet Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, now it is evident that Europe has hardly been ‘enriched’ by truly democratic states as countries of Central and Eastern Europe developed in semi-democratic or even authoritarian states. Researchers single out different political, economic, cultural and historical reasons for such trends. The future of these countries is also seen differently. Clearly, apart from political, cultur al, historical and socio-economic factors, geopolitical situation will play an important role in the development of these countries. It is necessary to note that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have much in common. Roberts (2006) notes that Communist heritage affected the countries in quite a specific way making the states more centralized and people less politically active. At that, cultural peculiarities of the countries and economic factors resulted in different types of democracies which have been developed in this or that country of Central and Eastern Europe. Researchers suggest different classifications of the democracies in the region. However, it is possible to note that all of these classifications are based on the level of authoritarian rule in a country. It is possible to exploit the classification used in in the study implemented by Freedom House (Freedom House 2012). According to this study, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe can be divided into th e following groups: consolidated democracies (Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary), semi-consolidated democracies (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro), hybrid regimes (Albania, Bosnia, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova), semi-consolidated authoritarian regimes (Kosovo and Armenia) and consolidated authoritarian regimes (Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). Thus, to understand the future of these countries, it is important to consider political systems within the countries and define factors which resulted in the development of such regimes. Roberts (2006) analyses the democracies in terms of the variables suggested by Lijphart. One of the variables is centralization of power within democratic powers. Roberts (2006) points out that in the majority of cases democratic states do not have a very strict centralized power. However, when it comes to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, they are all unitary and centralized.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the one hand, centralization cannot be regarded as a negative feature as it is often associated with well-organised structures which cooperate and contribute to the development of countries. Furthermore, post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe are rather small. They are characterised by ethnical homogeneity. Therefore, centralization is but natural for these countries. Nonetheless, centralization which is a characteristic feature of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe leads to negative outcomes. This centralization prevents proper cooperation between different bodies within the state. In federal states, local authorities interact with federal bodies which, in their turn, cooperate with each other. Thus, needs of all stakeholders are addressed to the fullest. Centr alization is deprived of such a comprehensive cooperation which leads to a gap between the power and people. It is important to note that centralization is not only caused by ethnical homogeneity. The Soviet Union was a highly centralised state and the Communist rule can still be traced in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Roberts 2006). Roberts (2006) claims that the countries employ the pattern used in the Soviet Union where centralization was characterised by a variety of negative features. First, there was almost no cooperation among different bodies of the state. Likewise, the countries of the post-Soviet region show lack of cooperation between their institutions. The centre often imposes requirements that should be strictly followed by regions, though the centre often does not have comprehensive information on the matter. Thus, it is possible to note that centralization has become one of distinctive features of democracy in the countries in question. Apart from cent ralization, Roberts (2006) singles out another peculiarity of these democracies. The researcher notes that the countries are highly consensus, i.e. their governments are characterised by: [A] multiparty system, the predominance of minority or surplus majority cabinets, a rough balance between the executive and legislature, a low level of disproportionality in electoral results, and strong corporatism. (Roberts 2006, p. 39)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The heritage of the Soviet Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, the number of parties in these countries significantly exceeds the number of parties in established democracies. Again, there are two sides of this plurality. On the one hand, a lot of different groups can be represented in legislative bodies of the countries. This can be regarded as a positive sign of democracy as needs of larger numbers of people can be met. Therefore, it is possible to state that former Communist republics managed to evolve into democratic states (Rupnik 1999). However, the Communist heritage affected the development of democracies which differ from established democracies of Western Europe. The rule of a single party made people unprepared to the availability of a number of political forces. Thus, this kind of plurality is very negative in nature. The electoral systems of the countries in question are characterised by wasted votes. There are many parties and people often give their votes to countries which have no chances to enter the parliament. These wasted votes are often used by elite groups which obtain more seats in legislative bodies. Furthermore, the abundance of political parties is also associated with people’s unawareness of political agendas of this or that party. This unawareness makes people alienate from politics. It makes them less politically active. It is also necessary to point out that people are somewhat alienated as they still feel distrust towards their governments. Bideleux (2007) claims that the autocratic rule of the Communist Party in the USSR made people see the power as something alienated from people and real issues. People of Central and Eastern Europe did not rely on the support of the political forces and never participated in the political life of their countries as the Communist Party was a single ruling force which did not take into account people’s will and needs. After the dissolution of the USSR, the countries had a very difficult period when political forces were unable to take control over the country’s development. Non-state agents (criminals) had a significant influence which spread to almost all spheres of people’s life. All these factors contributed greatly to development of people’s distrust towards political forces in the country as people have been witnesses of these forces’ inability to cooperate and lead the country. Apart from peop le’s alienation, this kind of plurality is proved to be ineffective as political parties have too different agendas and can hardly cooperate with each other (Way Levitskiy 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of cooperation and the abundance of political parties as well as people’s alienation can be explained. In the first place, the Soviet Union was a state ruled by a single Communist Party. It is quite natural that after the dissolution of the USSR the former Soviet republics were striving for plurality. The rule of a single force proved to be authoritarian and ineffective. Therefore, numerous political parties focusing on specific groups of people or particular issues have appeared in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Vejvoda Kaldor 2002). People of the countries in question tried to exploit patterns used in Western Europe, but they deemed a greater number of parties would positively affect the development of democracy in their countries. At this point, it is important to pay attention to political struggle in the countries. It is very suggestive. In the countries with consolidated authoritarian regimes (e.g. Belarus or Kazakhstan) there is almost no strong opposition. Interestingly, Levitsky and Way (2010, pp. 183-184) note that â€Å"authoritarian breakdown in Serbia (2000), Georgia (2003), and Ukraine (2004)† can be regarded as a sign of the rise of opposition and development of new â€Å"opposition tactics† and formation of movements which â€Å"toppled non-democratic governments (the so-called color [sic] revolutions)†. Admittedly, these colour revolutions did bring some changes, though they should be seen as a sign of unpreparedness of people of Central and Eastern Europe to exploit effective protest tactics which could have positive results. Clearly, political forces of the new states were unprepared to cooperate and even protest properly as the Soviet rule presupposed strict obedience rather than cooperation (Berg-Schlosser 2007). The years of the Soviet rule show that protests were always suppressed by the Party. People even failed to develop proper protest tactics as all attempts were always suppressed. Roberts (2006) also notes that people are now very hostile to Communist Party especially in the Balkans or in such countries as the Czech Republic or Poland. This contributes to the lack of cooperation among the parties as some political forces in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still associated with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Roberts (2006) states that even effective policies are often ignored if they were initiated by parties associated with the Communist Party of the USSR. Besides, Roberts (2006, p. 51) stresses that â€Å"communism had eliminated almost all traces of civil and economic society, the source of the bargaining partners for corporatism†. This leads to the short-lived governments which are unable to follow a particular political trajectory. Another distinctive feature of democracies in Central and Eastern Europe is corruption. The corruption is a result of the unstable political situation in the countries. Clearly, corruption also contributes to the development of distrust to the political forces. Again, the corruption is not only a product of the difficult times of the 1990s, but it is a product of the Soviet system which was also rather corrupted (Levitsky Way 2010). There were some interest groups and certain political elite which made major (or rather all) decisions. Therefore, it is clear that countries of Central and Eastern Europe have developed quite specific democracies due to the Soviet heritage. There are lots of features which are common for the countries. However, there are also many differences. These differences are not based on cultural peculiarities only. Geopolitical factors significantly affected development of the countries of the region. Thus, some countries managed to develop more established democracies whereas some countries made almost no progress since the early 1990s. As far as the most democratic states are concerned, they were established in Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Cze ch Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary (Freedom House 2012). There are several reasons for these nations’ success. In the first place, these countries managed to break connections with Russia quite quickly. These countries managed to choose a particular West-oriented trajectory. It is necessary to note that the connections were not very close historically. Therefore, the countries had no difficulties with this process. The choice of these countries was appreciated by such established democracies as the USA, the UK, France, Germany, etc. These countries provided financial aid and other types of support to the new post-Soviet countries which had made the choice. The financial aid enabled countries to develop economically which, in its turn, led to political stability. Admittedly, not all post-Soviet countries enjoyed stability and economic growth. Such states as Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro were not that successful (Freedom House 2012). How ever, these countries failed to develop consolidated democracies due to ethnical strife. Military conflicts led to unstable political and economic situation in the region. Nonetheless, these countries managed to overcome the difficulties and political forces managed to start cooperating. Now these countries are developing quite rapidly. Though, there are various issues to address, it is possible to trace positive trends in the countries’ development. Besides, these countries also obtain support of Western democracies which leads to development of economic and political stability in the region. Hybrid regimes in Albania, Bosnia, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova as well as semi-consolidated authoritarian regimes in Kosovo and Armenia developed due to a number of reasons (Freedom House 2012). For instance, Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo suffered from a number of ethnical conflicts. These conflicts led to the lack of stability which, in its turn, resulted in a slow development. As for Uk raine, Georgia and Moldova, these countries still have quite close connections with Russia, i.e. with the old Soviet model of centralized power where Russia still dictates certain requirements. Notably, Moldova and Georgia are more successful in their attempts to become free from the influence of the former central power. These countries are trying to change the trajectory of their development. These countries also obtain assistance from Western democracies. As for Ukraine, the country is still under a significant influence as Russia still interferes in the home and foreign policy of Ukraine. The country has not still chosen the trajectory and the elements of Western democratic models are intermingled with elements of Soviet-Russian authoritarian regime. Finally, consolidated authoritarian regimes developed in Belarus (as well as in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) due to the fact that these countries still have close connections with Russ ia and still exploit old Soviet models. In these countries a specific elite group is in power. For instance, Belarusian President Lukashenko has been in office since 1994. Lukashenko employs authoritarian ways to rule the country. The country is characterised by the absence of significant protest movements. There were several attempts to overthrow the existing regime, but all attempts failed. The centralization is especially vivid in this state. Notably, economic situation in the country is relatively stable. However, judicial power is a manifestation of the will of the groups in power (Roberts 2006). There are also lots of cases of violation of people’s civil rights. It is also important to note that there are no significant political changes in the state. All these historical facts and contemporary trends can help predict future trajectory change in the post-Soviet countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Clearly, consolidated democracies of the region will continue their c ooperation with Western states. Such countries as Poland can be regarded as a very good example of a country which is developing rapidly. Thus, judicial system of this country is considered to be the best in the world (Roberts 2006). Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary are characterised by a significant change. These countries show traits of democratisation in all spheres. People of these countries have already become politically active. They participate in elections and they take part in the process of decision making. What is more, people of these countries have trust in their government and other political forces. The people of these countries feel they do influence the development of their country (Berg-Schlosser 2007). Of course, this is one of the signs of the democratic state. Notably, development of democratic state will also lead to stability in the country. Furthermore, economic support of the Western countries will help the f ormer Soviet republics become in a row with established democracies of Western Europe. It is possible to state that the future trajectory of these countries is unlikely to change, which will positively affect the development of these countries. As for such countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova and Georgia; the situation in these countries is not that stable and the trajectory of their development can change (Berg-Schlosser 2007). However, this change is also unlikely. These countries show quite definite Western orientation. They employ Western models of development. There are signs of democratisation in all spheres. Remarkably, the power has restored people’s trust which is very important. People start actively participating in the political life of the state. One of the possible hazards to the democratic development of the countries (especially Croatia and Serbia) is still ethnic strife. Economic crises can also cause a change of the trajectory. At that, assistance of Western democracies can prevent both economic constraints and change of trajectory. Even when an economic crisis breaks out in one of these countries, the countries will still remain focused on Western models of development which proved to be effective. Finally, the countries which can change trajectories are Belarus and Ukraine. As far as the former is concerned, there are signs of growing discontent with the present regime. The rising number of protests in the country can be regarded as a sign of an upcoming change. Though there is still lack of such democratic features as free media, people still get to know about the protest movements which can eventually lead to a change. At that, the protest movements are also West-oriented, i.e. protestors require democratic development of the country. Furthermore, tension between Belarus and Russia can also become an impetus to change the political trajectory. Finally, economic decline can lead to the grow th of people’s discontent, which, in its turn, will lead to changes. As far as Ukraine is concerned, the political situation in the country is quite unstable (Berg-Schlosser 2007). The power cannot gain people’s trust. Corruption is another hazard to the democratic development of the country. There is still no cooperation between political forces within the country. The major political forces of the country have quite opposite agendas and orientations. Thus, it is quite difficult to predict which force will gain more power. Upcoming elections can provide some insights into possible scenarios of the country’s development. However, existing trends show that the country is likely to choose the Western model of development and will continue democratic development. In conclusion, it is necessary to point out that the heritage of the Soviet Union is still manifested in the political systems of the post-Soviet countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Many countries of this region still exploit Soviet models of governance. Thus, the countries are highly centralised which is not only a result of quite small size of the states, but is also a product of extremely centralized power in the Soviet Union. Corruption which is a significant issue to be addressed in the region is also a product of the former Soviet rule. The abundance of political parties is another distinctive feature of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. At that, people and political forces of the countries are hostile to the Communist party and parties associated with it. This often negatively affects the process of decision making. The tension between parties within the countries leads to the lack of cooperation which, in its turn, prevents countries from proper democratic development. It is also important to note that the countries of the region in question have certain peculiarities. Thus, some countries are rapidly developing employing Western models. These countries obtain assistance from Western democracies. At the same time, they have almost no connections with Russia which still exploits authoritarian models. However, some countries are developing at a slower pace due to cultural peculiarities. Ethnical strife and economic constraints have prevented these countries from democratization. Finally, there is still the country (Belarus) which employs authoritarian models. However, irrespective of certain factors, it is possible to trace definite trends which show gradual democratisation of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe. More so, it is possible to trace the trajectory chosen by the countries. The vast majority of the countries have chosen democratization and Western models of development. These countries are highly unlikely to change the trajectory of their development. However, such countries as Belarus and Ukraine can change the trajectories. Though, it is also necessary to note that these countries are likely to continue democratization exploiting patterns of established democracies. Therefore, it is possible to state that Central and Eastern Europe can soon (within several decades) consist of democratic countries only. Admittedly, the Soviet rule had a great impact on each country and it still influences the development of these countries. Nonetheless, the countries start exploiting patterns used by established democracies of Western Europe. The former Soviet states of Central and Eastern Europe are gradually becoming well-established democratic countries, therefore, reshaping the geopolitical situation in Europe. Reference List Berg-Schlosser, D 2007, ‘The quality of post-communist democracy’, in S White, J Batt PG Lewis (ed.), Developments in Central and East European Politics, Duke University Press, Hampshire. Bideleux, R 2007, ‘Making democracy work’ in the Eastern half of Europe: explaining and conceptualizing divergent trajectories of post-communist democratization’, Perspe ctives on European Politics and Society 8.2, pp. 109-130. Freedom House 2003, Nations in Transit 2012, https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2012. Levitsky, S Way, LA 2010, Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Roberts, A 2006, ‘What kind of democracy is emerging in Eastern Europe?’, Post-Soviet Affairs 22.1, pp. 37-64. Rupnik, J 1999, ‘The postcommunist divide’, Journal of Democracy 10.1, pp. 57-62. Vejvoda, I Kaldor, M 2002, Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe, Continuum International Publishing Group, London. Way, LA Levitsky, S 2007, ‘Linkage, leverage, and the post-Communist Divide’, East European Politics and Societies 21.1, pp. 48-66. This essay on The heritage of the Soviet Union was written and submitted by user Eva Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3

Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3 Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3 Briefly describe the following terminologies: 1. Chemical changes The changes that occurs in the structure and composition of the matter is known as the chemical change. It is irresible and one directional. 2. Compound The chemical substance that is formed by the composition of two or more than two elements combined in fixed proportion. It is result of the chemical change between the elements. 3. Element Element is the purest form of matter that can neither be created nor can be destroyed. 4. Atomic Number The number of electron or the number of protons in aen electrically neutral atom is known as the atomic Number. It is usully denoted by A. It is typical number that helps to determine the chemical and physical properties of an atom. In an neutral atom, Atomic Number(A)= Number of electron= Number of the Proton 5. Mass Number Mass number of an atom is the sum of the mass of the sub-atomic particle of an atom, particularly neutron and electron ( the mass of electron is negligible). Thus, mass number is the mass of the nucleus of an atom. It is usually denoted by the letter Z. Mass Number= Mass of Proton+ Mass of Neutron 6. Isotopes Isotopes are the different form of the elements with atomic number but different mass number. It usually differ in the number of the neutrons. Example, Chlorine-36 and Chlorine-37 are Isotopes. 7. Mole Mole is the quantity of any matter that contain the Avagardo number of it. Avogadro Number= 6.023*10^23 For example: 1 mole of Carbon atom=

Thursday, November 21, 2019

New Media and Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

New Media and Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example The different kinds of social media that can be used to market products include social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, badoo, MySpace, blogs, and others. In understanding the use of social media for marketing purposes, there are several terms that must be understood. Such terms include the term social media itself. Social media can be defined as the usage of mobile and web based technologies to communicate and maintain dialogue. Social media usually allows interactions to take place across multiple platforms. Social content on the other hand refers to material such as blogs and micro blogs that form part of the social networking experience (Zarrella 2009, p. 1). The increased use of social media has had a huge impact on the way that consumers relate with the marketers and how they relate with the different products. The impact of social media on the relationship has mostly been a positive one where a higher level of interaction has been achieved. There have however been s ome negative impacts on the dependence on social media on the relationship between customers and brands. It has for example been suggested that the use of social media has led to a decrease in brand loyalty among consumers. The positive benefits of the use of social media however outweigh the negative impacts and it is therefore important for the marketers to understand the power and the potential of the social media on their products (Tuten 2008, p. 10). The change or shift in consumer behavior has made it necessary for marketers to adopt the new strategies to market their products. Most consumers have adopted online shopping as opposed to physically visiting the stores. This means that there is a large group of potential clients that are easily reached through the use of the social media. There has also been an increase in the amount of online activity by the potential shoppers which has made it necessary for marketers to venture online to reach more customers. This has therefore made it easier for the marketers to reach the potential clients. The increase in the number of social networking sites that are available have also meant that more consumers can be found in the social networking sites. It has indeed been stated that the social networking sites are responsible for the revolution that has been see in the consumer behavior. The social networking sites provide the consumers and the marketers a means to interact without being limited by geographical or time boundaries. It also provides the marketer a means to interact with the consumer without being limited by their budget (Kabani & Brogan 2010, p. 8). The social media has also improved the relationship between the clients or consumers and the different companies in that is more usable than the traditional means of interaction between the consumers and the clients. The technology that is used in the social media simplifies the process of interaction and is generally more user friendly. This mean that peo ple can use, simplify and even reinvent communications and the messages that are being communicated. The accessibility of the social media or social networking sites also improve the relationship between the consumers and the product. most of the social networking sites such as facebook and twitter are accessible via many means including through the use of internet enabled mobile phones. This means that they are widely accessible thus interaction will be more efficient. For

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - Essay Example Air pollution has been further divided into indoor air pollution and outdoor air pollution. There are many causes of each of these types. Outdoor air pollution results due to the release of gases from the industries into the air. This results in contaminating the air. This is also true for the emissions from motor vehicles. Furthermore, the usage of insecticides and pesticides also serves to add contaminants to the air. Accidents in nuclear power plants may also result in the release of toxic gases which may pollute the air. Indoor air pollution results due to the burning of coal, oil and wood in the houses. It mainly implies for the rural areas of the developing nations of the world. Cigarette smoking is another factor which leads to the addition of harmful gases to the atmosphere (Park 2007). Air pollution is a serious global issue that needs to be tackled. Different methods and ways have been devised to overcome this problem. The World Health Organization has presented with differ ent solutions that need to be put into action to overcome air pollution.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Economic Factors That Influence Manager Decision Essay

Economic Factors That Influence Manager Decision - Essay Example As the paper explores it is important to understand that economic factors refer to the changes that take place in cost and prices of commodities, the exchange rates, inflation rate, and interest rates among others. In simple terms, they hamper the ability of an organization to generate profits thus often require to be monitored closely. According to the report findings organizations look at their budgets before setting out to start a project. This is because it will be able to give them an overview of the finances they have to carry out the project. However, there have been instances where organizations did not look at the resources they have due to myopic vision. Most of these leaders were driven by the interests that had been forecast if the project succeeds but did not want to look on the other side of what happens to the organization when the project fails. Take the case of Apple Inc in the 1990s when it was on the brink of bankruptcy because of the decisions that were being made by the management. It forced the board of members to employ back Steve Jobs who had parted ways with the organization. Therefore, this is just but an illustration of the importance of an organization working within its budgets in relation to the resources available. The aim of any business entity is to make profits, and if this does not take place, then there is no need of operating because it will mean that losses will be frequently incurred. This does not mean that the organization forgets there is a need to have a balance between maximization of profits and minimization of costs

Friday, November 15, 2019

Infant Vs Believers Baptism Theology Religion Essay

Infant Vs Believers Baptism Theology Religion Essay The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible argues that baptism is a rite using water as a symbol of religious purification. The origin of Christian baptism is to be found within Judaism, and it is improbable to suggest the derivation of the Christian rite from the mystery cults. At first term baptism meant the provision of cultic purity, and then in the NT it was extended to express the complete renewal of human existence. The rite of baptism with water as a symbol of entry into the Christian community was practiced from the day of Pentecost. The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible links baptism with repentance and with the reception of the Holy Spirit. The fullest NT exposition of the meaning of baptism is to be found in the Pauline letters. Paul teaches that baptism is the means of incorporation into the Christian community, which is the body of Christ; through baptism the Spirit is received, and the barriers that divide men, whether of race or of class, are thus overcome (1 Cor. 12 :12-13). At the same time, John administered a repentance-baptism for the forgiveness of sins (Mk. 1:4) in anticipation of the baptism of Spirit and the fire that the Messiah would exercise (The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, 1962). Christian baptism is rooted in the redemptive action of Jesus. The command to baptize falls of necessity in the resurrection era, when redemption has been achieved, universal authority accorded to the risen Lord, and the mission of the church to the world begun (The Dictionary of New Testament Theology, 1989). Baptism seems to have accompanied the proclamation of the gospel from the beginning of the churchs mission. According to the Dictionary of New Testament Theology baptism is administered in the name of Jesus Christ; it is for the forgiveness of sins and with a view to the gift of the Holy Spirit. Personally for me, baptism is a very intimate topic. I was baptized, when I was an infant. Actually, everybody in my family was baptized in the early childhood. My mother is a proponent of infant baptizing, as she supposes that children should be taught about Christian living from the time they are born and during their entire life. Her argument is that we are all Gods children and there is no need to wait to become a real Christian. Parents should foster love for God and Bible in children in order to be thankful to God for His tremendous grace, generosity and love He has for us. I also see baptizing as the sign of love and repentance. Moreover, Im thankful to my parents for their decision to baptize me as an infant, as I lived my entire life with the Christian living in my mind. We need to understand the doctrine of baptism in order to live a faithful Christian life. Moreover, the understanding of the doctrine of Baptism is needed as it has a great influence in the church today. When people are baptized, they identify themselves with Christs death, burial and resurrection (Stringer, M. D., 2005). The proof for such an assumption can be seen in Romans 6:3-4: Or dont you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life. So, baptism is an important rite, which signifies our new life in Jesus Christ. Moreover, we should understand infant baptizing, as this concept suggests being a Christian from the time of birth till death. Infant baptizing is the best view on the doctrine of baptism, as it provides the opportunity of faithful living in Jesus Christ from the early childhood. Infant baptism should be undertaken in order to foster love for God, faith, repentance and living by Ten Commandments in children since early childhood. There are two main views on the time, when the person should be baptized: credobaptism and paedobaptism. According to Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry, credobaptism is the practice of baptizing only those who are able to make a profession of faith. Credobaptism is also called Believers baptism. Credobaptists are the proponents of the baptism by immersion. Believers baptism view in based on the assumption that baptism should be given: 1) to all those who have learned repentance and amendment of life; 2) who believe truly that their sins are taken away by Christ; 3) to all those who walk in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and wish to be buried with him in death, so that they may be resurrected with him; 4) to all those who with this significance request baptism of us and demand it for themselves (Baptist Roots: a Reader in the Theology of a Christian People, 1999.). Moreover, the proponents of believers baptism argue that there is no direct evidence in the NT for the bapti sm of infants. Moreover, during the time of the NT only adults were baptized, when they showed their faith and repentance. Moreover, the proponents of believers baptizing argue that linguistically the word baptism means immersion and indirectly implies that baptism is not for infants. Another argument in favor of believers baptism is that whenever baptisms are recorded, the text always specifies that the baptized come up out of the water, again demonstrating baptism by immersion (Wright, D. F. et all, 2009). Moreover, in Romans 6:3-4 and Colossians 2:12 baptism pictures the believers death to the old life and regeneration and conversion to newness of life. The proponents of believers baptizing argue that being plunged under the water and raised up from the water symbolizes the spiritual reality, a reality that is only possible for believers who are trusting in Christ and indwelt by the Spirit. According to Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry, paedobaptism is the practice of baptizing infants. The first explicit reference to infant baptism in Christian history is that made by Irenaeus, about A.D. 180, who speaks of all who through Christ are born again to God, infants and children and boys and youths and old men, born again to God being a technical phrase meaning baptism (Dictionary of New Testament Theology, 1989). The belief that the apostles commanded the baptism of infants as well as of responsible persons is attested as early as Origen (3rd century A.D.), and apart from some notable exceptions it became the unquestioned conviction of Christendom until the present century. The proponents of the paedobaptism argue that despite the lack of direct evidence of the infant baptism in the NT, the indirect evidence of infant baptism can be read in various lines of the NT. The proponents of infant baptism argue that baptism in the NT is closely related to the circumcisio n in the OT. J. Jeremias has argued that Paul may have been instrumental in thus putting forward baptism as the Christian equivalent of Jewish circumcision (Colossians 2:11-12). Moreover, the argument for infant baptism states that the NT has a lot of evidence for household baptism and according to the evidence found in Stauffer, in the contemporary use of the word household young children were specifically included (Wright, D. F. et all, 2009). I am the proponent of infant baptizing, as I see this type of baptizing more reasonable within the Christian theology. I suppose that people should be baptized as infants, so that they can become Christians, be taught about faith, love and repentance, and in order to give them an opportunity to live a consistent Christian life. The most influential argument for infant baptism is the relationship between the circumcision in the OT and the baptism in the NT. In order to understand, how these sacraments relate, we should conduct a deep analysis. The Scripture teaches that baptism signifies the forgiveness and purification from sins, and spiritual resurrection. The Scripture also says that we are baptized in Jesus Christ. Moreover, baptism is seal with which we witness that the Lord is our God and that we are His people. The OT says that the Lord wants to be Abrahams God and God of his descendant by giving the covenant of circumcision. Moreover, the Lord says that He wants to see Abraham to be in wholeness and immaculacy. Here we can see that death and resurrection are implied in circumcision. So, the circumcision is the same as baptism, as they both include the promise of the forgiveness of sins and the resurrection after the death. Jesus Christ is the basis for both circumcision and baptism, as He represents the fulfillment of the Promise. Now the conclusion can be made that everything what belongs to circumcision, belongs to baptism as well (except the visual rite). The Lord demands the circumcision of the infants in Genesis 17:12: For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner-those who are not your offspring. So, thanks to the established relationship between circumcision and baptism it is reasonable to suggest, that the circumcision of the infants relate to infant baptism. Another argument for infant baptism can be derived from Luke 18:15-16, where Jesus states: let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these. If Jesus allows infants to come to Him, in such a way he allows infant baptism as this is the sign of our communication and connection with Jesus Christ. The opponents of infant baptism argue that Jesus Christ invited grown up children but mistakenly called them infants, as He asked them to come to Him. However, this argument is disproved, as the Scripture refers infants to the children, who should be carried in the arms. So, in these verse we should understand the verb to come in the meaning of the verb to approach. Another argument against infant baptism is that Luke 18:15-16 says that the kingdom of God belongs to such as these (infants) but not to these (infants). However, this argument is easily and logically disproven, as Jesuss reason for allowing infants to approach Him is that t he kingdom of God belongs to them. This verse should be interpreted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for the kingdom of God belongs to these and such as these. The passage of Luke 18:15-17 is crucial to the understanding of infant baptism. Luke 18:15 : People were also bringing babies to Jesus for him to place his hands on them. When the disciples saw this, they rebuked them. According to Clarkes Commentary, it was a common custom among the Jews to lay their hands on the heads of those whom they blessed, or for whom they prayed. This seems to have been done by way of dedication or consecration to God the person being considered as the sacred property of God even after. Often God added a testimony of his approbation, by communicating some extraordinary influence on the Holy Spirit. This rite has been long practiced among Christians, when persons are appointed to any sacred office. However, the consecration of children to God has grown out of use. The second part of the verse can be interpreted from the view that the disciples rebuked the parents, as they considered infants too young to receive good. Luke 18:16-17: But Jesus called the child ren to him and said, Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these. Truly I tell you, anyone who will not receive the kingdom of God like a little child will never enter it. This verse shows that Christ loves infants simplicity and innocence. According to Clarkes Commentary, Jesus has sanctified infants very age by passing through it himself the holy Jesus was once a little child. Moreover, Jesuss emphasis on the big part of the kingdom of God composed of such should be taken literally; and only those who resemble little children should be received into it. According to Commentary on the Whole Bible, in these two verses our Lord meant to inform us, that seeing grown people must become childlike in order to be capable of the Kingdom of God, therefore they should not hinder infants from coming to Him, and therefore He took up and blessed the infants themselves. All in all Jesus words about little children provide an example of the attitude essential for receiving Gods grace. Childlike qualities such as trust, openness, and the absence of holier-than-thou attitudes are presented in this view. This shows that Jesus had compassion even on infants too young to understand the difference between right and wrong (The Expositors Bible Commentary, 1984). This passage indirectly bears on question of infant baptism. The major argument of the opponents of infant baptism is the fact that people should be baptized after conscious understanding of the responsibility they take. Moreover, they argue that people should be baptized after they acknowledge their faith. However, the opponents of infant baptism argue that leaving an infant until the time, when he/she will acknowledge his/her faith, means leaving the infants to be the children of Adam for a period of time. We experience death in Adam, because of the original sin. However, Jesus allows infants to approach Him, which means He wants to establish connection with them in order to revive them (Luke 18:15-16). Infant baptizing is the best view on the doctrine of baptism, as it provides the opportunity of faithful living in Jesus Christ from the early childhood. The NT indirectly supports infant baptism. As baptism is the same as circumcision (except the visual rite), then infant baptism is allowed and appreciated by God (Colossians 2:11-12; Acts 16:33). Moreover, Luke 18:15-16 proves that Jesus Christ allowed infant baptism, by calling the infants to approach Him. The baptism of household, which is mentioned all over the NT, implicitly means infant baptizing, as in the contemporary use of the word household young children were specifically included. The doctrine of infant baptism perfectly fits in other related doctrines: the doctrine of circumcision, the doctrine of faith, the doctrine of repentance, the doctrine of forgiveness and the doctrine of resurrection. It doesnt really contradict with any of these doctrines. The doctrine of circumcision is very similar to the doctrine of infant baptism, as the basis for them is Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of the Promise. The doctrine of faith, repentance, forgiveness and resurrection perfectly fits in the definition of infant baptism: infants are baptized to be forgiven for sins, purified and be spiritually resurrected. Moreover, infant baptism encourages Christian living full of faith and repentance. The significance of the doctrine of infant baptism is the removal of the original sin from the infants. In such a way children may possess the relationship with Christ since early childhood. Infant baptizing can make a difference for Christian life in a way it allows the children to be under Christs influence and care since birth. Children are purified and become new born Christians, who need to be taught about love for God, faith, repentance and living by Ten Commandments. These doctrines are best understood and learned, when taught since childhood. I suppose that infant baptism can bring more true believers to the church.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

World War One â€Life in the Trenches

World war one –life in the trenches When men volunteered to fight in world war one, on the Western front, little did they know about the conditions they would be living and fighting in the trenches, and for how long this would all go on for. The Great War lasted for four years even though many believed they would be home by Christmas 1914 on till 11/11/1918(today know better as remembrance day). (See source A) Even if the men did know about many of the conditions in the trench they would most likely have still joined as many were pressured by two ways to join. irstly by women as they would press little white feathers into their hand another way was they would walk past with a desecrated look in their faces as described by Rifleman Norman Demuth in source B (see source B) and secondly by propagandas(posters)see sources C,D and E for some examples. Even though the war lasted longer than expected the conditions didn’t get any better for soldiers as the shortage of food got worse, diseases became more common e. g.Trench foot (where your foot rotted off in your boot), more rats moved into the trenches, no way to remove toilet waste from the trenches and corpses lined many of the sides and floors of the trenches helping to spread disease. It got so bad in the trenches many solider turned to shooting themselves so they could be sent home and see their friend and family they had left behind. But if you were found guilty of a self-inflicted wound (SIW) in the British Army the ultimate penalty was capital (death by firing squad. )But 3,894 British soldiers were found guilty of SIW but none were executed but instead sent to prison for lengthy periods.Basic trench and layouts(see sources f and G) The first job of any soldiers getting to the western front who wanted to survive the machine gun fire from the triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was to dig down, making trenches. Frontline trenches were usually about seven foot deep and six foot wi de. The front of the trench was known as the parapet. The top two or three feet of the parapet and the parados (the rear side of the trench) would consist of a thick line of sandbags to absorb any bullets or shell fragments.In a trench of this depth it was impossible to see over the top, so a two or three-foot ledge known as a fire-step, was added. Trenches were not dug in straight lines. Otherwise, if the enemy had a successive offensive, and got into your trenches, they could shoot straight along the line. Each trench was dug with alternate fire-bays and traverses. Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire.The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-trench into No-Man's Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, were then used as listening posts. Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches, were dug at an angle to the frontline trench and was used to transport men, equipment and food supplies. Food in the trenchesIn the trench food was basic but was for many it was better than what families were eating back at home. Daily rations for a British soldier consisted of 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of oatmeal instead of bread, 3 ounces of cheese, 5/8 ounces of tea, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried fruit ,? ounce of salt, 1/36 ounce of pepper, 1/20 ounce of mustard, 8 ounces of fresh vegetables or 1/10 gill lime if vegetables not issued, ? gill of rum or 1 pint of porter , 20 ounces of tobacco, 1/3 ounces of chocolate (optional), 4 ounces of butter/margarine and 2 ounces of dried vegetables.One B ritish soldier said (source H) Tinned bully beef was the usual. we were always hungry. many times we only got one slice of bread,often without butter or jam,for breakfast and hard biscuits for tea. they were so hard that you had to put them on a hard surface and smash them with a stone. Meaning many did not get what they should have. Weapons One thing that played a big part in the war was the weapons They used * Handguns (e. g Webley Revolver, Webley Self-loading, Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, Enfield revolver, Colt M1911 , Colt New Service, Smith ; Wesson M1917 revolver, Smith ; Wesson Model 10, Smith amp; Wesson Triple Lock, Lancaster pistol, Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, and Mauser C96) * Rifles(e. g. Lee-Enfield, Lee-Metford, Pattern 1914 Enfield, Martini-Enfield, Martini-Henry, Ross rifle , Winchester Model 1894, Winchester Model 1895, Winchester Model 1907, Type 30 rifle, Type 38 rifle, Type 38 cavalry rifle, Mauser-Vergueiro, andPeriscope rifle) * Machine Guns(e. g. Vickers machine gun, Maxim gun, Lewis Gun, Hotchkiss Mark I, M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun and M1917 Browning machine gun) * Shotguns(e. g Sawn-off shotgun and Double-barreled shotgun) * Anti-tank weapons(e. . Elephant gun) * Grenades(e. g Grenade, No 1 Hales; Rifle grenades, 2, 3, 4 Hales; No. s 5, 23, 36 Mills; No. 6 Grenade; No. s 8, 9 Double Cylinder Jam Tin; No. 13 Battye; No. 15 Ball grenade; No. 27 Smoke Grenade and No. 34 Egg grenade) * Mortars(e. g 2 inch Medium Mortar, Newton 6 inch Mortar, Stokes Mortar and Livens Projector) * Support Guns(E. g Vickers-Crayford rocket gun * Swords(e. g 1897 Pattern, 1908 and 1912 Pattern Cavalry Swords and Claymore) * Bayonets(e. g M1907 bayonet) See sources G-L for examples of weapons. DiseasesIn the trenches there was a lot of disease from a common cold to trench foot(foot rotting off). 1. Trench foot- Many soldiers fighting in World War One suffered from severe trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches soldiers stood fur hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The soilders feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and the result was amputation. 2. Shell shock-Early symptoms of shell shock included tiredness, irritability, giddiness, lack of concentration and headaches. Eventually the men suffered mental breakdowns making it impossible for them to remain in the front-line. Some came to the conclusion that the soldiers condition was caused by the enemy's heavy artillery. These doctors argued that a bursting shell creates a vacuum, and when the air rushes into this vacuum it disturbs the cerebro-spinal fluid and this can upset the working of the brain. 3. Trench mouth- It was a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcerations. . Trench fever is a bacterial infection that causes repeated cycles of high fever. Two different types of bacteria cause Trench fever. Bartonella quintana is carried by body lice and Bartonella henselae is carried by ticks. Symptoms are headaches, skin rashes, inflamed eyes and leg pains. Rats In the trenches Rats gathered in their millions infested everywere in trenches. There were two main types of rats in the trenches the brown and the black rat. Both were despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging themselves on human they could grow to the size of a cat. Toilets Loss of life Conclusion

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Scoping and Screening in Environmental Impact Assesssment

AN OPTIONAL ESSAY ON COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE ROLES OF â€Å"SCREENING† AND â€Å"SCOPING† IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT COURSE UNIT PLAN60411/PLAN40321 STUDENT ID :8528550 INTRODUCTION Environmental Impact assessment is a systematic process that examines, analyses the environmental consequences of development or development action in advance (Glasson,J. el al 2005).It is a logical process for establishing and sustaining an environment of quality by incorporating environmental considerations into decision making; specifying and clarifying the environmental aspects of development proposals to decision makers; indicating ways of mitigation and proffering project alternatives. It involves crucial stages for its optimum desirability and success these include â€Å"screening† and â€Å"scoping†. This paper of discourse will clearly compare and contrast the roles of these indispensible tools used in environmenta l impact assessment process.DEFINATION OF TERMS Screening is a mechanism which seeks to focus on those projects with potentially significant adverse environmental impact or whose impacts are not fully known. Scoping is the process of identifying from a broad range of potential problems, a number of priority issues to be addressed by an environmental impact assessment. (Wathem,P 2004) SCOPE OF STUDY From the foregoing, we can construe that they are essential stages of environmental impact assessment.Screening and scoping are both preliminary stages of an environmental impact assessment, and executed systematically in stages which must be done in a logical and professional manner, especially in the case of an integrated environmental impact assessment approach. They both have approaches for the scrutiny of a proposed project for consequently crucial in decision making. Both share a major role: the execution of a successful environmental impact assessment as an effective protection and management tool, as resourceful as possible.Despite what roles they have in common, these components of requisite have distinctive features and approaches in the roles they play in the environmental impact assessment process. Screening is focused on the significance of an impact in the environment, while scoping works on the range of issues to be defined after level of impact significance. They have different approaches to their functionality; screening uses the following approaches: * Schedule 1 (EU: Annex 1) Environmental impact assessment is mandatory * Schedule 2 (EU: Annex 2)Environmental impact assessment is discretionary, according to thresholds. * Schedule 3 (EU: Annex 3) Further consideration of Schedule 2 projects example environmental sensitivity. The EIA regulations England SI No 1824 2011 While scoping uses * Scoping Checklist * Scoping Matrix * Network programming European commission guidance on EIA: Scoping(2001) Screening uses the Initial Environmental Examination o r evaluation (IEE) as its checks and balances. On the other hand, scoping uses Scoping and report/opinion and public input and participation through a Terms of Reference (TOR).Project screening, precedes project scoping. Hence, screening must be carried out before project scoping. It is recommended and not mandatory to public involvement and stakeholders in screening, scoping differing from screening deems it is mandatory and recommendable for public participants to be involved at the stage of environmental impact assessment. CONCLUSION It is usually difficult to overemphasis the roles played by screening and scoping in environmental impact assessment irrespective of how far they are in contrast or how close they are in comparison.What is imperative is that the success of an environmental impact assessment depends largely on how well they are conducted. REFERENCES Glasson, J. et al (2005): Introduction to impact Assessment; Routledge, Abingdon, 3rd Edition Wathern, P. (2004): Enviro nmental Impact Assessment, Theory And Practice: west Sussex London Journal On Environmental Impact Assessment Training (2002); Topic 4, UNEP

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free sample - The White Power. translation missing

The White Power. The White PowerWhite power is a collective term used to describe white racial movement as they dominate almost every thing in the United States of America. This can be illustrated by looking at Ku Klux Klan, the name given to three different ancient and current supreme organizations in the United States. These clans are said to have boomed in different times (Leeper, 2000) .For example, the first Klan boomed in the years 1860s and became in existence in the 1870s and it was only available on the southern parts with their white costumes consisting of makes and robes. The second Klan came into existence in the early and mid 1920s while the third was known after the famous Second World War with their unforgettable records of practicing terrorism, a tactic that is believed to have been boosted by the second KKK. History holds that, during the reconstruction of Radical republican, the first Klan sought to restore superiority by engaging in criminal acts characterized by murder and so much violence against the blacks and white Republicans. This led the Federal government to put force acts, which advocated for the Klan prosecution (Leeper, 2000). The second Klan is said to be very different from the first Klan as it was a formal organization with its activities practiced country wide. This Klan taught about clean politics and advocated for Unity in American states. One of the biggest criticisms to this Klan is the fact that, some local groups went to extremes of attacking civilian houses and did other unnecessary violence. When you compare the history of these Klan’s you find that, the third Klan caused a very high destruction ,as it is believed to be responsible for the historic bombing of Birmingham 16th street Baptist church, that claimed lives of   so many civil rights workers and innocent children(Leeper,2000). Today many people believe that, the KKK is a rebellious organization as declared in 1999 by the city council of Charleston, in southern Carolina and the unforgettable campaigns made by the University of Louisville professor in the year 2004 to have the Klan declared illegal organization, so that it may be abolished from the campus. Currently the Klan is said to have so many members after the 2008 election of President Obama.The main objectives of the current membership is based on rising issues of illegal immigrants and increase of urban crimes.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Sound And the fury essays

Sound And the fury essays THE SOUND AND THE FURY William Faulkner's background influenced him to write the unconventional novel The Sound and the Fury. One important influence on the story is that Faulkner grew up in the South. The Economist magazine states that the main source of his inspiration was the passionate history of the American South, centered for him in the town of Oxford, Mississippi, where he lived most of his life. Similarly, Faulkner turns Oxford and its environs, "my own little postage stamp of native soil," into Yoknapatawpha County, the mythical region in which he sets the novel (76). In addition to setting, another influence on the story is Faulkner's own family. He had three brothers, black servants, a mother whose family was not as distinguished as her husband's, a father who drank a lot, and a grandmother called Damuddy who died while he was young. In comparison, the novel is told from the point of view of the three Compson brothers, shows the black servant Dilsey as a main character, h as Mrs.! Compson complain about how her family is beneath her husband's, portrays Mr. Compson as a alcoholic, and names the children's grandmother Damuddy who also dies while they are young. Perhaps the most important influence on the story is Faulkner's education, or lack thereof. He never graduated from high school, let alone college, and in later life wryly described himself as "the world's oldest sixth grader." He took insistent pride in the pre-intellectual character of his creativity, and once declined to meet a delegation of distinguished foreign authors because "they'd want to talk about ideas. I'm a writer, not a literary man" (76). In writing The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner pays no attention to normal literary work. He often uses incoherent and irrational phrases to bring the reader into the minds of the characters. This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization and important literary devices enables William Faulkne...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

English legal system case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English legal system case report - Essay Example ited type of knife has been described by this section as one that has an automatically opening blade (Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act (c.37), 1959). However, in this knife, the blade should open when hand pressure is applied to a button or other device attached to the knife handle. Such offence attracts the following punishment, on summary conviction. For a first offence the offender will be sentenced to prison for a term that does not exceed three months or to a fine that is limited to  £50 or to both (Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act (c.37), 1959). In this case, the chief inspector charged the respondent with an offence under the provisions of section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. The charge was that on 26 October1959, the respondent had made an offer of sale with respect to a prohibited variety of knife. This knife opened automatically on pressure being applied to a device that was attached to the handle of the knife (Souper, 2008). The respondent consented to the police constable’s request to examine the knife. Thereafter, the latter confiscated the knife and submitted it to the superintendent of police. Subsequently, he returned to the shop and informed the respondent that the knife had been determined to be a flick knife and that he would be reported for offering it for sale (Souper, 2008). In court the appellant contended that the display of the knife in the shop window by the respondent with its price, constituted an offer of sale of the knife, in accordance with the provisions of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. This was contested by the respondent, who stated that he had never offered the knife for sale, as per the interpretation of the 1959 Act (Souper, 2008). The plaintiff’s main contention was that the display of Knife in the shop window does not amount to an offer. The court held that as this Act was devoid of a definition, the term offer for sale had to be determined from the law of contract. As a

Friday, November 1, 2019

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Racism - Essay Example His therefore, provided a scientific basis to the claim. This may sound offensive today but, not then when it was a common knowledge, or so people were made to believe. Pearson (20-21) argues that the black race is a bad stock which he doubts can evolve to a higher type by them. He talks of a higher state of civilization which has been achieved through the struggle of race with race where the physically and mentally fitter race survives. Thus in the struggle between nations, the fit (militarily superior) always emerge victorious .This then calls for and justifies the domination of inferior races with superior ones through the use of military coercion. This sentiment is echoed by Spielvogel (520) who says that the domination is to show the strength and virility of the superior race. Putting superior and inferior races together to live in one soil according to Pearson (23) will only yield a relationship of a master and a servant or that of a slave-owner and a slave. Again, this stateme nt not only justifies European domination over other races, but it also calls for imperialistic exploitation of the so called inferior races. It is undoubtedly true that, Pearson seemed to be glorifying violence and its application on what he termed as the inferior races. The inferior races are so unfit even to fully exploit the resources in their environment, and as such Pearson (23), calls for their expulsion out of such lands by the superior race. This idea resonates with that of other Darwinists who posit that the inferior races have demonstrated their unfitness by losing out in the socio-economic struggle, all thanks to heredity endowment (Chase et al, 581). Unfit as they are, Pearson (32) suggests that this bad stock ought not to have existed at all, and to prove their worth, they should go to new lands as miners, cowboys and storekeepers. But, he cautiously warns of the mixing of the races. Superior race must eject the inferior ones and not mix or live alongside them lest it degenerate itself (45). The call for a homogenous superior race is clearly evident in Pearson’s work as he offers this as a solution to the problem in South Africa then: All black men in the fields and mines to be replaced by whites and the Kaffir are pushed back towards the equator (50). The unhealthy social status in South Africa then was attributed to, from Pearson’s racist point of view, mixing of the bad and good stock. Gobineau, referred to as the father of racism, appears to be in concordance with Pearson in this. He argued that the intermingling of races would untimely lead to the downfall of western civilization (Chase et al., 593). In his scientific view of a nation, Pearson (46) argues that an organized whole nation is kept up to a high pitch of internal efficacy by recruiting its numbers from the better stock, and kept to a high pitch of external efficacy by war with inferior races and with equal races. The contest here is over trade routes, food supply and sources of raw materials. By this he implies that, the Europeans can use their military strength to rob Africans and other so called inferior races, and even to instill fear and submission. Consequently, the latter being weary and ‘inferior’ has to undergo immense suffering. The superiority of the Europeans gives them the privilege and right to

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

SWOT Analysis of the Fast Food Industry in the UK Essay

SWOT Analysis of the Fast Food Industry in the UK - Essay Example The difference between fast food items and casual restaurants is blurred by many people over the time. Fast food has existed in the UK, since the Roman times. Here fast food is considered as meat pies and anything which is fried or battered. The number of fast food restaurants has increased during the past few years and has 25 per cent of fast food restaurants in the world. Fast food recipes have been adopted from other cultures, such as Pizzas, Noodles and Kebabs. (Fast Food Factsheet) A major strength for this industry is the growing market. There are a lot of aspects of the market which can be covered and not many people have ventured into these markets. Also, once a customer is hooked onto fast food, not many other types of food taste good to him. He keeps coming back, thus brand loyalty is high in the fast food industry. The variety of fast food available makes this industry more attractive to the owners and the consumers. Eating out is not only about having food anymore, it is getting to know about other cultures and mixing around. An individual can not possibly cook so many cuisines; the concept of fast food makes it possible for everyone to try something new. The prices are also not very high, which enables people from all backgrounds to be able to enjoy this food. Globalization has enable restaurant owners to diversify themselves by providing different types of food to individuals. For example; people are more willing to eat raw fish today than they were twenty years ago. (Stage Model Research) The market for food is very recession proof because of the need to eat on a daily basis and the relatively lower costs just add more to this situation. Since fast food is not perceived as a luxury item, people are more willing to spend on it and will not think twice about it. (Food & Coffee Franchises) One of the major weaknesses for this industry is that obesity has become a growing problem for the

Monday, October 28, 2019

Jacksonian democrats Essay Example for Free

Jacksonian democrats Essay Thomas Jefferson was consistently inconsistent by switching from a strict constructionist view to a broad interpretation on the constitution to support his political views. Similarly, Jacksonian democrats occasionally altered their belief of being guardians of the political democracy, individual liberty, economic opportunity, and the Constitution to suit their purposes. President Andrew Jackson had several ways of ensuring political democracy thus he is regarded as a guardian of it. The spoils system is an example of Jackson stressing political democracy. According to Senator William Marcy the spoils system was acceptable since the benefits of winning should go to the winner. He supports this thought by saying, To the victor belongs the spoils. The spoils system allowed Jackson Old Hickory to rid his opponents of government jobs and award them to his supporters the Hickoryites. Another example of political democracy is rotation in office. Rotation in office is what Jackson utilized to incorporate the common man into a government role. Jackson believed that any man was capable of doing the job. Every man is as good as his neighbor, he declared, perhaps equally better. The inevitable dilemma that arises from Jacksons notion on political democracy is that illiterates, incompetents and crooks obtained positions of public trust. The result of this was Samuel Swartwout, the collector of customs at the port of New York, stole a million dollars from the government. Jackson, although he was a rich aristocrat at the time of his election, might have been influenced to raise the common man on a pedestal as a result of him having been born poor. One of his first acts as president was to invite the working class of America to his inaugural. The White house was only emptied upon a rumor that said spiked punch had been served on the lawns. As a result, the inaugural is often referred to as the inaugural brawl and Jackson being the leader of the common people was called, King Mob. This represented what Jackson emphasized and that was the importance of individual right. Jackson believed that it was unfair for power to be in the hands of an elite few. Therefore, he advocated the rights of the common man through his land policy. His land policy would allow people to expand  further into the west. The more obtainable land there was signified a higher electorate. Jacksons belief of rotation in office allowed average men to try their hand at government. Rotation in office is something which had been previously limited to the aristocratic elite since they were the only ones viewed as capable of managing the job. His success in achieving basic individual rights is shown in Doc. D. when Harriet Marineau, a British visitor to the United States reported that she had seen every man as an independent citizen and controversies of which the people were to be judges. However, the concept of individual liberty is not applied to minorities such as the blacks and Indians. This is seen in Document E. when Philip Hone, a New York City businessman describes riots in Eastern cities. The spirit of riot and subordination to the lawsappears to have been produced by hostility to the blacks and an indiscriminate persecution of all whose skins were darker than those of their enlightened fellow citizens. Document G also demonstrates that individual liberty was only directed towards whites. If individual liberty had been meant for all the Indians would not have been removed from their homeland. Further proof of whites against minorities is represented in Document A when George Henry Evans explains that all men are created equal, and allowed the rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Obviously, the Indians, immigrants and blacks were not granted these rights to individual freedom. Jackson was a guardian of the economy since he supported economic opportunities. To make sure that economic opportunities were achieved Jackson had to be anti big business. A big business tended to monopolize a certain part of the economy and not allow other businesses to expand and earn money. He wanted to ensure that the economy was not in the hands of a few rich men. In 1835 Jacksonian Roger Brooke Taney replaced Federalist John Marshall as Supreme Court judge. In 1837, a case known as Charles River Bridge versus Warren Bridge was about monopolies and charters. Two companies wanted to build bridges across the Charles River, but only one had a long standing charter. In the Marshall Court, the ruling would have been that the contract was stronger than the interests of anything else. But, under the  Jacksonians, it was ruled that the interests of the people were more important then any charter. Jackson viewed the bank as unconstitutional and undemocratic. In Document B Jackson describes the bank as incompatible with the Constitution he also says, The present Bank of the United States enjoys an exclusive privilege of bankingalmost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange. Therefore, when Henry Clay proposes a bill to congress in 1832 that would recharter the bank four year before needed Jackson vetoes it. After this Jackson bleeds the bank dry by removing federal deposits and started placing surplus money in pet banks which were pro-Jackson banks. The nullification issue emerged due to the Tariff of Abominations which protected it us from European competition. It angered South Carolina since they had to buy expensive manufactured goods and had to sell crops on an unprotected market. As a result of the high tariff Britain does not purchase as many goods as it previously did. The south also feared the tariff as a possible foothold for later federalist interference with slavery in the southern states this was brought on by a the South Carolina Cxposition written by John Calhoun which stated that the federal government has a compact with the states and that the state conventions had the power to declare laws unconstitutional and states should nullify the tariff. The tariff of 1832 was null and void they undertook the necessary military preparations and threatened to secede from the union if the United states government came to collect the customs and duties by force. Jackson was furious because he was against nullification therefore he quietly prepared an army and passed the force bill which authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect fed tariff duties. Henry Clay, although a supporter of the tariff influenced the compromise tariff of 1833 which said that the tariff would be reduced by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 it would be back at 20-25%.Through Jacksons aggressive reaction of South Carolina threatening to secede from the state we can see that Jackson believes in states rights. However, if he has to choose, the union comes before states rights. Being a guardian of the constitution means protecting many things at one time  since the constitution is basically a summary of the rights we possess. The rights that had to be protected were individual liberty, and economic opportunity among other things and the Jacksonians were not guardians of these rights. The time Jackson was president tends to be regarded as the Age of the Common Man. The reason as to why is that Jackson attempted to incorporate the common man into the current political economic situation. The type of common man that was favored by Jackson was a poor westerner who desired land, freedom of choice, and a say in politics. He succeeds in incorporating the common man into politics through Rotation in office and involving them in government rallies. However, the problem with improving the common man was that anyone else who would fall out of this category: women, slaves, Native Americans, wealthy, Easterners, Northerners, were often denied their own rights which is a direct violation of the constitution. (Doc D). The exempting of those who wouldnt fit the category of the common man, helped stress universal manhood suffrage. Jacksons personal view of the Bank of the United States was that it was unconstitutional. However, John Marshall had made it very clear in McCulloch vs. Maryland that the bank was constitutional. Jackson believed that preservation of the union preceded states rights. This was an unconstitutional view considering it was the states who had created the government. Therefore, if the government was stepping its rights the states could protest against the governments actions. The first amendment is violated in Document F when the U.S. Post office suppresses abolitionist mail into the South. The reason why this was done to keep the multitude from finding out which would have motivated many to become anti-slavery. The Jacksonians could be described as two-faced considering they were for the common man while being a part of the aristocratic elite. They attempted to promote economic opportunities by eliminating the Bank of the United States. The Panic of 1937 was a repercussion of removing the bank yet Jackson succeeded in his main effort. His main focus was retrieving power from Nicholas Biddle, the owner of the bank. The belief of Union preceding states was utilized to assert the power of the executive branch. Finally, Jacksonian democracy did allow more people to vote than ever before and made government more directly responsible to the people.